{"id":101777,"date":"2024-07-16T14:34:38","date_gmt":"2024-07-16T12:34:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/bez-kategorii\/czas-i-temperatura-indukcji-utleniania\/"},"modified":"2026-01-16T10:11:39","modified_gmt":"2026-01-16T09:11:39","slug":"czas-i-temperatura-indukcji-utleniania","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wiedza\/czas-i-temperatura-indukcji-utleniania\/","title":{"rendered":"Czas i temperatura indukcji utleniania"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"101777\" class=\"elementor elementor-101777 elementor-7639\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eb8745 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9eb8745\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a9139e elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a9139e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utlenianie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4058c67 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"4058c67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__4058c67\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__4058c67\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__4058c67\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffaef65 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffaef65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utlenianie to proces chemiczny, kt\u00f3ry zachodzi, gdy elektrony s\u0105 tracone z cz\u0105steczki, atomu lub jonu. W kontek\u015bcie kalorymetrii utlenianie jest cz\u0119sto analizowane jako analiza termiczna, kt\u00f3ra obejmuje spalanie lub rozk\u0142ad substancji w celu uwolnienia energii w postaci ciep\u0142a. <\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/methoden\/dynamische-differenz-kalorimetrie\/\">\n  <strong>R\u00f3\u017cnicowa kalorymetria skaningowa (DSC)<\/strong>\n<\/a> jest technik\u0105, kt\u00f3r\u0105 mo\u017cna wykorzysta\u0107 do scharakteryzowania tego procesu, poniewa\u017c mierzy przep\u0142yw ciep\u0142a zwi\u0105zany z utlenianiem pr\u00f3bki podczas ogrzewania lub ch\u0142odzenia. Zasada pomiaru utleniania za pomoc\u0105 DSC (r\u00f3\u017cnicowej kalorymetrii skaningowej) opiera si\u0119 na egzotermicznym charakterze reakcji utleniania.<br>Za pomoc\u0105 DSC utlenianie mo\u017cna bada\u0107 izotermicznie lub nieizotermicznie. W przypadku izotermicznych bada\u0144 utleniania, temperatura tygla pr\u00f3bki DSC jest ustawiona na sta\u0142\u0105 temperatur\u0119, a utlenianie pr\u00f3bki jest monitorowane w czasie.  <\/p><p>Pocz\u0105tek utleniania jest zwykle wskazywany przez pojawienie si\u0119 piku egzotermicznego na krzywej DSC, kt\u00f3ry odpowiada uwalnianiu ciep\u0142a podczas utleniania pr\u00f3bki. Czas, w kt\u00f3rym pojawia si\u0119 pik egzotermiczny, nazywany jest czasem indukcji utleniania (OIT) i jest miar\u0105 odporno\u015bci pr\u00f3bki na utlenianie. Metoda ta zosta\u0142a zilustrowana na Rys. 1.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a04fb3 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7a04fb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"484\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Representation-of-an-oxidation-induction-time-measurement-01-1024x620.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-31120\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Representation-of-an-oxidation-induction-time-measurement-01-1024x620.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Representation-of-an-oxidation-induction-time-measurement-01-300x182.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Representation-of-an-oxidation-induction-time-measurement-01-768x465.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Representation-of-an-oxidation-induction-time-measurement-01-1536x930.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Representation-of-an-oxidation-induction-time-measurement-01-2048x1240.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Rysunek 1: Ilustracja pomiaru czasu indukcji utleniania [3, s. 8].<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3a894e elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3a894e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W nieizotermicznych badaniach utleniania, temperatura komory DSC jest zwi\u0119kszana w sta\u0142ym tempie, a utlenianie pr\u00f3bki jest monitorowane w funkcji temperatury.<\/p><p>Urz\u0105dzenie DSC wykrywa pik egzotermiczny na krzywej DSC, gdy pr\u00f3bka utlenia si\u0119 i uwalniane jest ciep\u0142o. Temperatura, w kt\u00f3rej pojawia si\u0119 pik jest okre\u015blana jako temperatura pocz\u0105tku utleniania (OOT). <\/p><p>Metod\u0119 przedstawiono na rys. 2. OOT jest miar\u0105 stabilno\u015bci termicznej pr\u00f3bki i s\u0142u\u017cy do oceny stabilno\u015bci oksydacyjnej materia\u0142\u00f3w.  <\/p><p>Podsumowuj\u0105c, mierz\u0105c czas indukcji utleniania (OIT) lub temperatur\u0119 pocz\u0105tku utleniania (OOT) w r\u00f3\u017cnych temperaturach, mo\u017cna okre\u015bli\u0107 energi\u0119 aktywacji utleniania, kt\u00f3ra dostarcza informacji o stabilno\u015bci termicznej pr\u00f3bki.<\/p><p>DSC mo\u017ce by\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c wykorzystywana do oceny wp\u0142ywu przeciwutleniaczy i innych dodatk\u00f3w na stabilno\u015b\u0107 oksydacyjn\u0105 pr\u00f3bek, co jest wa\u017cne dla ich jako\u015bci i okresu przydatno\u015bci do spo\u017cycia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80d22bb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"80d22bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"513\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustrated-of-an-oxidation-onset-temperature-measurement-01-1024x656.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-31124\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustrated-of-an-oxidation-onset-temperature-measurement-01-1024x656.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustrated-of-an-oxidation-onset-temperature-measurement-01-300x192.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustrated-of-an-oxidation-onset-temperature-measurement-01-768x492.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustrated-of-an-oxidation-onset-temperature-measurement-01-1536x984.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustrated-of-an-oxidation-onset-temperature-measurement-01-2048x1313.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Rysunek 2: Ilustracja pomiaru temperatury pocz\u0105tku utleniania [3, s. 7].<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3112811 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3112811\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>DSC mo\u017cna r\u00f3wnie\u017c wykorzysta\u0107 do okre\u015blenia energii aktywacji utleniania, kt\u00f3ra jest miar\u0105 energii wymaganej do zainicjowania procesu utleniania.<br><br>Energi\u0119 aktywacji mo\u017cna obliczy\u0107 za pomoc\u0105 r\u00f3wnania Arrheniusa, kt\u00f3re wi\u0105\u017ce szybko\u015b\u0107 reakcji chemicznej z temperatur\u0105, w kt\u00f3rej ona zachodzi. Energi\u0119 aktywacji utleniania mo\u017cna okre\u015bli\u0107 mierz\u0105c czas indukcji utleniania (OIT) lub temperatur\u0119 pocz\u0105tku utleniania (OOT) w r\u00f3\u017cnych temperaturach i wykre\u015blaj\u0105c dane na wykresie Arrheniusa. <br><br>Nachylenie powsta\u0142ej linii jest wykorzystywane do obliczenia energii aktywacji utleniania. Krzyw\u0105 DSC mo\u017cna analizowa\u0107 w celu okre\u015blenia r\u00f3\u017cnych parametr\u00f3w zwi\u0105zanych z utlenianiem, np. temperatury pocz\u0105tkowej, temperatury szczytowej i ciep\u0142a utleniania. <\/p><p>Zar\u00f3wno OIT, jak i OOT s\u0105 wa\u017cnymi parametrami do oceny stabilno\u015bci utleniania materia\u0142\u00f3w, a skuteczno\u015b\u0107 przeciwutleniaczy mo\u017cna por\u00f3wna\u0107, zw\u0142aszcza w przypadku polimer\u00f3w.<br><br>D\u0142u\u017cszy OIT lub wy\u017cszy OOT wskazuje na wi\u0119ksz\u0105 stabilno\u015b\u0107 oksydacyjn\u0105 i odporno\u015b\u0107 na degradacj\u0119. Czynniki, kt\u00f3re mog\u0105 wp\u0142ywa\u0107 na dok\u0142adno\u015b\u0107 pomiar\u00f3w DSC dla utleniania obejmuj\u0105 przygotowanie pr\u00f3bki, oprzyrz\u0105dowanie i warunki eksperymentalne, takie jak szybko\u015b\u0107 ogrzewania i atmosfera. <br><br>Analiza termiczna mo\u017ce by\u0107 wykorzystywana do badania utleniania metali w atmosferze zawieraj\u0105cej tlen, gdzie powstaje tlenek metalu, a wzrost masy zale\u017cny od temperatury lub czasu mo\u017cna zaobserwowa\u0107 za pomoc\u0105 technik takich jak TGA.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b6b43 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75b6b43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rozk\u0142ad podczas utleniania<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a473acd elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a473acd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRozk\u0142ad to rozpad zwi\u0105zku na mniejsze cz\u0105steczki lub pierwiastki [1, sekcja 3.4.4]. Je\u015bli podczas pomiaru nie jest obecny czynnik utleniaj\u0105cy, taki jak tlen atmosferyczny, piroliza rozpoczyna si\u0119 w temperaturze zale\u017cnej od substancji. System materia\u0142u jest dzielony przez doprowadzane ciep\u0142o i ulega rozk\u0142adowi. W DSC mo\u017cna to osi\u0105gn\u0105\u0107 poprzez zastosowanie oboj\u0119tnego gazu pr\u00f3bkuj\u0105cego, takiego jak azot, poniewa\u017c w przeciwnym razie mo\u017ce wyst\u0105pi\u0107 utlenianie, kt\u00f3re zak\u0142\u00f3ca ten proces. Rozk\u0142ad jest procesem endotermicznym.    \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-610be95 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"610be95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Referencje:<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5123bb7 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5123bb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/251272345_A_Chemical_Kinetics_Model_to_Predict_Diesel_Engine_Performance_Part_II_Bench-Test_Procedures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stephen M. Hsua i Chun-I Chenb, A chemical kinetics model to predict diesel engine performance.Part II. Procedury testowe: Tribology Letters, Vol. 14, No. 2, February 2003. <\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Thermal-Analysis-of-Polymeric-Materials-Wunderlich\/7e750078a46f27f7dd7721b0fba915de703580ea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">B. Wunderlich, Analiza termiczna materia\u0142\u00f3w polimerowych. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. <\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hanser-fachbuch.de\/fachbuch\/artikel\/9783446226739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">G. W. Ehrenstein, G. Riedel i P. Trawiel, Analiza termiczna tworzyw sztucznych: Teoria i praktyka. Monachium: Hanser, 2004. <\/a><\/li><li>Tworzywa sztuczne &#8211; R\u00f3\u017cnicowa kalorymetria skaningowa (DSC), ISO 11357-6, 2008.<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/374974164_Differential_scanning_calorimetry_as_a_tool_to_assess_the_oxidation_state_of_cold-pressed_oils_during_shelf-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mahbuba Islam, Anna Kaczmarek, and Jolanta Tomaszewska-Gras, Differential scanning calorimetry as a tool to assess oxidation state of cold-pressed oils during shelf-life: Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization (2023) 17:6639-6651.<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-772380e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"772380e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8b8fd2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c8b8fd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Utlenianie to proces chemiczny, kt\u00f3ry ma miejsce, gdy elektrony s\u0105 tracone z cz\u0105steczki, atomu lub jonu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":33181,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[596],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-101777","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wiedza"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101777","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=101777"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101777\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33181"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101777"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=101777"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=101777"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}