{"id":101715,"date":"2024-07-17T15:47:43","date_gmt":"2024-07-17T13:47:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/bez-kategorii\/okreslenie-gestosci-cte\/"},"modified":"2026-01-16T10:08:14","modified_gmt":"2026-01-16T09:08:14","slug":"okreslenie-gestosci-cte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wiedza\/okreslenie-gestosci-cte\/","title":{"rendered":"Okre\u015blenie g\u0119sto\u015bci CTE"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"101715\" class=\"elementor elementor-101715 elementor-9942\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eb8745 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9eb8745\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb52706 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"fb52706\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__fb52706\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__fb52706\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__fb52706\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a9139e elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a9139e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rozszerzalno\u015b\u0107 cieplna i g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbf12b4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cbf12b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5b4d15 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a5b4d15\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6605541 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6605541\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rozszerzalno\u015b\u0107 termiczna materia\u0142\u00f3w mo\u017ce prowadzi\u0107 do powa\u017cnych szk\u00f3d ekonomicznych. Na przyk\u0142ad w bran\u017cy budowlanej nale\u017cy zapewni\u0107 kompensatory, aby skompensowa\u0107 zmiany d\u0142ugo\u015bci spowodowane <g id=\"gid_0\">wahaniami temperatury<\/g>. Co wi\u0119cej, wsp\u00f3\u0142czynniki <g id=\"gid_1\">rozszerzalno\u015bci<\/g> <g id=\"gid_3\">materia\u0142\u00f3w<\/g> <g id=\"gid_2\">stykaj\u0105cych<\/g> si\u0119 ze sob\u0105 musz\u0105 by\u0107 zharmonizowane. Je\u015bli wsp\u00f3\u0142czynniki rozszerzalno\u015bci korpusu ceramicznego i szkliwa r\u00f3\u017cni\u0105 si\u0119 zbytnio, pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 tak zwane <strong>&#8222;p\u0119kni\u0119cia paj\u0119czyny&#8221;,<\/strong> kt\u00f3re cz\u0119sto mo\u017cna zaobserwowa\u0107 na starych p\u0142ytach porcelanowych.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7396df6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7396df6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa6511d elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fa6511d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/iStock-873866046-min-2048x1367-2-1024x684.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33467\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/iStock-873866046-min-2048x1367-2-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/iStock-873866046-min-2048x1367-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/iStock-873866046-min-2048x1367-2-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/iStock-873866046-min-2048x1367-2-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/iStock-873866046-min-2048x1367-2.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59f6594 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"59f6594\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b852c8 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b852c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rozszerzanie odbywa si\u0119 we wszystkich kierunkach przestrzennych, wi\u0119c g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 zmienia si\u0119, gdy masa pozostaje sta\u0142a. Rozszerzalno\u015b\u0107 <strong>materia\u0142\u00f3w anizotropowych jest zale\u017cna od kierunku<\/strong>, dlatego nale\u017cy okre\u015bli\u0107 kierunek rozszerzalno\u015bci. Aby okre\u015bli\u0107 g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 lub <strong>wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik rozszerzalno\u015bci obj\u0119to\u015bciowej<\/strong>, nale\u017cy wzi\u0105\u0107 pod uwag\u0119 wszystkie kierunki przestrzenne. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72ccd75 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72ccd75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Definicja rozszerzalno\u015bci cieplnej<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40545f1 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40545f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/messgroessen\/laengenausdehnungskoeffizient\/\">Wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik rozszerzalno\u015bci cieplnej\u03b1<\/a>,<\/strong> znany <strong>r\u00f3wnie\u017c<\/strong> jako <strong>CTE<\/strong>, jest definiowany jako wzgl\u0119dna zmiana d\u0142ugo\u015bci przy zmianie temperatury o jeden Kelwin:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ba0d8c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5ba0d8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u03b1= \u2206L\/(L0 *\u2206T)<br>z:<br>\u2206L: Zmiana d\u0142ugo\u015bci [m]<br>L0: D\u0142ugo\u015b\u0107 pocz\u0105tkowa [m]<br>\u2206T: Zmiana temperatury [K]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f333ecd elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f333ecd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>skutkuje jednostk\u0105 K-1 (&#8222;na Kelvin&#8221;) dla <strong>\u03b1<\/strong>. Jest ona zale\u017cna od temperatury i dlatego zmienia si\u0119, ale cz\u0119sto tylko w niewielkim stopniu, w zale\u017cno\u015bci od rozwa\u017canego zakresu temperatur. Jego rz\u0105d wielko\u015bci wynosi zazwyczaj 10-6 K-1 i dlatego jest cz\u0119sto podawany w &#8222;ppm K-1&#8221;.  <\/p><p>Materia\u0142y o <strong>niskich<\/strong> <strong>wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnikach<\/strong> rozszerzalno\u015bci to na przyk\u0142ad szk\u0142o kwarcowe i metal INVAR, kt\u00f3re maj\u0105 wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik rozszerzalno\u015bci mniejszy ni\u017c 1 ppm K-1. Polimery maj\u0105 najwy\u017csze wsp\u00f3\u0142czynniki rozszerzalno\u015bci (do ok. 200 ppm K-1). W zale\u017cno\u015bci<strong> od zakresu temperatur<\/strong>, niekt\u00f3re materia\u0142y wykazuj\u0105<strong> ujemn\u0105 rozszerzalno\u015b\u0107<\/strong>.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77b5557 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"77b5557\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Przemiany fazowe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a02ac69 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a02ac69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wsp\u00f3\u0142czynniki rozszerzalno\u015bci r\u00f3\u017cnych faz tego samego materia\u0142u r\u00f3\u017cni\u0105 si\u0119. Na przyk\u0142ad, wsp\u00f3\u0142czynniki rozszerzalno\u015bci polimer\u00f3w powy\u017cej <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/?p=101626\">\n  <strong>temperatury zeszklenia<\/strong>\n<\/a> s\u0105 wi\u0119ksze ni\u017c poni\u017cej. <\/p><p>Innym dobrze znanym przyk\u0142adem s\u0105 <strong>przemiany fazowe pierwiastkowego \u017celaza:<\/strong> do 906 \u00b0C stabilna jest sze\u015bcienna struktura krystaliczna skoncentrowana na ciele (\u03b1-\u017celazo), od 906 \u00b0C do 1401 \u00b0C najg\u0119stsza struktura sze\u015bcienna (\u03b2-\u017celazo), a powy\u017cej 1539 \u00b0C struktura sze\u015bcienna skoncentrowana na ciele (\u03b4-\u017celazo). Poniewa\u017c wype\u0142nienie przestrzeni najg\u0119stszego upakowania sze\u015bciennego (74%) jest wi\u0119ksze ni\u017c upakowania sze\u015bciennego skoncentrowanego na ciele (68%), podczas przemian fazowych wyst\u0119puj\u0105 skoki g\u0119sto\u015bci, a zatem tak\u017ce d\u0142ugo\u015bci. S\u0105 one wykorzystywane do wykrywania przej\u015b\u0107 fazowych w stopach \u017celaza:  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50997b7 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"50997b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"515\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Applikation-CTE-Dichte-2048x1317-1-1024x659.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-31826\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Applikation-CTE-Dichte-2048x1317-1-1024x659.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Applikation-CTE-Dichte-2048x1317-1-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Applikation-CTE-Dichte-2048x1317-1-768x494.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Applikation-CTE-Dichte-2048x1317-1-1536x988.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Applikation-CTE-Dichte-2048x1317-1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b6a47e elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9b6a47e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pomiar wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnika rozszerzalno\u015bci<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3a894e elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3a894e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWyb\u00f3r metody pomiarowej zale\u017cy od stanu skupienia pr\u00f3bki, wielko\u015bci wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnika rozszerzalno\u015bci mierzonej pr\u00f3bki oraz zakresu temperatur. Podczas przygotowywania odpowiednich pr\u00f3bek, a tym samym przy wyborze metody pomiaru, nale\u017cy r\u00f3wnie\u017c wzi\u0105\u0107 pod uwag\u0119 w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci mechaniczne pr\u00f3bki. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c0525 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c9c0525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u0142yny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07f3c6a elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"07f3c6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rozszerzalno\u015b\u0107 lub g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 cieczy jest zwykle okre\u015blana za pomoc\u0105 piknometr\u00f3w. Sta\u0142a obj\u0119to\u015b\u0107 pr\u00f3bki jest hartowana i okre\u015blana jest jej masa. Ciecze zazwyczaj rozszerzaj\u0105 si\u0119 wraz ze wzrostem temperatury.    <strong>Dobrze znanym wyj\u0105tkiem jest woda, kt\u00f3rej maksymalna g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 wyst\u0119puje w temperaturze 4\u00b0C (&#8222;anomalia wody&#8221;).<\/strong><\/p><p>Stosowana jest r\u00f3wnie\u017c tak zwana <strong>metoda oscyluj\u0105cej U-rurki<\/strong>. W tym przypadku g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 oblicza si\u0119 poprzez pomiar cz\u0119stotliwo\u015bci drga\u0144 w\u0142asnych oscyluj\u0105cej U-rurki wype\u0142nionej analizowan\u0105 ciecz\u0105.<br>Ciecze mo\u017cna r\u00f3wnie\u017c mierzy\u0107 za pomoc\u0105 odpowiednich pojemnik\u00f3w z ciecz\u0105 na dylatometrze pr\u0119towym. Nale\u017cy upewni\u0107 si\u0119, \u017ce z cieczy nie ulatniaj\u0105 si\u0119 gazy, a ulatniaj\u0105ce si\u0119 gazy r\u00f3wnie\u017c opuszczaj\u0105 pojemnik, chocia\u017c pr\u00f3bka cieczy nie mo\u017ce si\u0119 ulatnia\u0107.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6132160 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6132160\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00f3\u0142przewodnik<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bca70af elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bca70af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cia\u0142a sta\u0142e s\u0105 zwykle mierzone za pomoc\u0105 dylatometr\u00f3w (pr\u0119towych) lub analizator\u00f3w termomechanicznych (TMA). W tym przypadku pr\u00f3bka jest umieszczana w piecu i styka si\u0119 z popychaczem. Zmiana d\u0142ugo\u015bci pr\u00f3bki jest przenoszona do czujnika przez popychacz. W zale\u017cno\u015bci od zastosowanego pieca, <strong>zakres temperatur<\/strong> mo\u017ce wynosi\u0107 <strong>od -263 do +2800 \u00b0C<\/strong>. W zale\u017cno\u015bci od zakresu temperatur stosowane s\u0105 pr\u0119ty wykonane ze szk\u0142a kwarcowego, tlenku glinu lub grafitu. Jako czujniki stosowane s\u0105 zazwyczaj <strong>transformatory r\u00f3\u017cnicowe (LVDT &#8211; Linear Variable Differential Transformer)<\/strong>, a od niedawna tak\u017ce enkodery optyczne.     <\/p><p>Je\u015bli, ze wzgl\u0119du na swoje w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci, pr\u00f3bki s\u0105 trudne w obr\u00f3bce, kruche lub \u0142atwo ulegaj\u0105 deformacji, tak \u017ce nie mog\u0105 wytrzyma\u0107 si\u0142y kontaktuj\u0105cego si\u0119 z nimi popychacza, stosuje si\u0119 dylatometry optyczne, znane r\u00f3wnie\u017c jako mikroskopy grzewcze. Tutaj, podobnie jak w przypadku dylatometru pr\u0119towego, pr\u00f3bka jest umieszczana w piecu. Pr\u00f3bka jest obserwowana za pomoc\u0105 kamery, kt\u00f3rej obrazy s\u0105 mierzone. Analizuj\u0105c obrazy, mo\u017cna zaobserwowa\u0107 nie tylko ekspansj\u0119 (tutaj nawet w 2 wymiarach), ale tak\u017ce zmiany kszta\u0142tu i topnienia oraz obliczy\u0107 k\u0105ty zwil\u017cania.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80d22bb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"80d22bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"691\" height=\"303\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Contact-angle.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-31830\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Contact-angle.jpg 691w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Contact-angle-300x132.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3112811 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3112811\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pr\u00f3bki sproszkowane s\u0105 mierzone w specjalnych adapterach. Nale\u017cy zachowa\u0107 ostro\u017cno\u015b\u0107, aby zapewni\u0107, \u017ce zamkni\u0119te powietrze, ale nie pr\u00f3bka, mo\u017ce si\u0119 wydosta\u0107 (analogicznie do pomiaru cieczy). Nale\u017cy r\u00f3wnie\u017c wzi\u0105\u0107 pod uwag\u0119 <strong>stopie\u0144 zag\u0119szczenia<\/strong> <strong>(g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 nasypowa, g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 wibracyjna, g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 obj\u0119to\u015bciowa)<\/strong> pr\u00f3bki: nie mo\u017ce on ulec zmianie w wyniku warunk\u00f3w pomiaru.  <\/p><p>Materia\u0142y o szczeg\u00f3lnie niskich wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnikach rozszerzalno\u015bci s\u0105 mierzone przy u\u017cyciu <strong>metod<\/strong> <strong>interferometrycznych<\/strong>. W tym przypadku \u015bwiat\u0142o monochromatyczne jest odbijane przez pr\u00f3bk\u0119 i zak\u0142\u00f3cane przez drug\u0105 wi\u0105zk\u0119 <strong>(zasada dzia\u0142ania interferometru Michelsona)<\/strong>. Zmiana d\u0142ugo\u015bci wynika z d\u0142ugo\u015bci fali u\u017cytego \u015bwiat\u0142a i liczby interferencji. Takie urz\u0105dzenia pomiarowe s\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c nazywane dylatometrami LASEROWYMI.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc98544 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc98544\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pomiar za pomoc\u0105 dylatometru laserowego<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95c1b4b elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"95c1b4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/3ON3jPSY9yE&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a85613a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a85613a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab5eee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2ab5eee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rozszerzalno\u015b\u0107 termiczna materia\u0142\u00f3w mo\u017ce prowadzi\u0107 do powa\u017cnych szk\u00f3d ekonomicznych. Na przyk\u0142ad w bran\u017cy budowlanej nale\u017cy zapewni\u0107 kompensatory, aby skompensowa\u0107 zmiany d\u0142ugo\u015bci spowodowane wahaniami temperatury. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":31818,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[596],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-101715","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wiedza"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101715","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=101715"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101715\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31818"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101715"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=101715"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=101715"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}