{"id":101707,"date":"2024-07-18T08:07:30","date_gmt":"2024-07-18T06:07:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/bez-kategorii\/analiza-materialow-termoelektrycznych-wspolczynnik-dobroci-i-jego-pomiar\/"},"modified":"2026-01-16T10:07:44","modified_gmt":"2026-01-16T09:07:44","slug":"analiza-materialow-termoelektrycznych-wspolczynnik-dobroci-i-jego-pomiar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wiedza\/analiza-materialow-termoelektrycznych-wspolczynnik-dobroci-i-jego-pomiar\/","title":{"rendered":"Analiza materia\u0142\u00f3w termoelektrycznych &#8211; wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik dobroci i jego pomiar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"101707\" class=\"elementor elementor-101707 elementor-10431\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eb8745 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9eb8745\" data-element_type=\"container\" 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__071d0c5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a9139e elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a9139e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Czym s\u0105 materia\u0142y termoelektryczne?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffaef65 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffaef65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Materia\u0142y termoelektryczne mog\u0105 przekszta\u0142ca\u0107 ciep\u0142o bezpo\u015brednio w energi\u0119 elektryczn\u0105. W\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015b\u0107 ta opiera si\u0119 na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/messgroessen\/seebeck-koeffizient\/\">\n  <strong>efekcie Seebecka<\/strong>\n<\/a>w kt\u00f3rym r\u00f3\u017cnica temperatur przy\u0142o\u017cona do materia\u0142u generuje napi\u0119cie. Odwrotno\u015bci\u0105 jest efekt Peltiera, kt\u00f3ry jest zwykle wykorzystywany do ch\u0142odzenia. Trzecim efektem termoelektrycznym jest efekt Thomsona, kt\u00f3ry opisuje transport ciep\u0142a wzd\u0142u\u017c przewodnika przewodz\u0105cego pr\u0105d, w kt\u00f3rym wyst\u0119puje gradient temperatury.   <\/p><p>Ze wzgl\u0119du na mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 bezpo\u015bredniego wykorzystania energii cieplnej, materia\u0142y termoelektryczne sta\u0142y si\u0119 przedmiotem bada\u0144 i rozwoju. Z jednej strony mog\u0105 one by\u0107 wykorzystywane <g id=\"gid_1\">do<\/g> <g id=\"gid_0\">generowania<\/g> <g id=\"gid_3\">energii elektrycznej<\/g> <g id=\"gid_5\">z pierwotnych \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 energii<\/g>; z drugiej strony kusz\u0105ce jest <strong>wytwarzanie<\/strong> <strong>energii elektrycznej<\/strong> <strong>z<\/strong> <strong>ciep\u0142a odpadowego<\/strong>, oszcz\u0119dzaj\u0105c w ten spos\u00f3b zasoby paliw kopalnych i jednocze\u015bnie minimalizuj\u0105c zu\u017cycie energii.     <strong>uwalnianie<\/strong> <strong>CO2<\/strong> <strong>.<\/strong> <\/p><p>Poniewa\u017c napi\u0119cie elektryczne indukowane przez efekt Seebecka jest bardzo niskie (zwykle od kilku do kilkuset \u03bcV\/K), podejmowane s\u0105 ogromne wysi\u0142ki w celu opracowania ulepszonych materia\u0142\u00f3w termoelektrycznych.<\/p><p>Klasyczne materia\u0142y termoelektryczne pochodz\u0105 z grupy p\u00f3\u0142metali i p\u00f3\u0142przewodnik\u00f3w (IV do VI g\u0142\u00f3wna grupa PSE) lub s\u0105 stopami materia\u0142\u00f3w z tych grup, poniewa\u017c wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik Seebecka jest tam szczeg\u00f3lnie wysoki. Efekt Seebecka mo\u017cna dodatkowo zwi\u0119kszy\u0107 poprzez domieszkowanie. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1295146 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1295146\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jaki jest numer jako\u015bci?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16fa67b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16fa67b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Og\u00f3lnie rzecz bior\u0105c, liczba zalet jest miar\u0105 przydatno\u015bci materia\u0142\u00f3w, metod lub urz\u0105dze\u0144 w por\u00f3wnaniu z alternatywami.<\/p><p>Wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik termoelektryczny ZT (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/messgroessen\/zt-figure-of-merit\/\">\n  <strong>liczba zalet<\/strong>\n<\/a>&#8222;) opisuje przydatno\u015b\u0107 materia\u0142\u00f3w termoelektrycznych i jest zdefiniowana w nast\u0119puj\u0105cy spos\u00f3b:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8b9694 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b8b9694\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00f3wnanie 1\n\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83c7bca elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"83c7bca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"221\" height=\"115\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/ZT-formula-2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-31939\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">z S: wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik Seebecka [\u03bcV\/K] \u03c3: przewodno\u015b\u0107 elektryczna [S\/m] \u03bb: przewodno\u015b\u0107 cieplna [W\/(m-K)] w temperaturze T. Wszystkie te warto\u015bci zale\u017c\u0105 od temperatury.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8405690 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8405690\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Opr\u00f3cz najwy\u017cszego mo\u017cliwego wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnika Seebecka, materia\u0142y termoelektryczne powinny mie\u0107 nisk\u0105 przewodno\u015b\u0107 ciepln\u0105. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/messgeraete\/waermeleitfaehigkeit\/\">\n  <strong>przewodno\u015b\u0107 ciepln\u0105<\/strong>\n<\/a> i wysok\u0105 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/messgroessen\/elektrische-leitfaehigkeit\/\">\n  <strong>przewodno\u015b\u0107 elektryczn\u0105<\/strong>\n<\/a> jak to tylko mo\u017cliwe. Materia\u0142y o wysokiej przewodno\u015bci cieplnej nie pozwalaj\u0105 na du\u017ce gradienty temperatury; je\u015bli przewodno\u015b\u0107 elektryczna jest niska, nie mo\u017cna uzyska\u0107 u\u017cytecznych pr\u0105d\u00f3w. <\/p><p>Ponadto, wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik sprawno\u015bci i r\u00f3\u017cnica temperatur s\u0105 bezpo\u015brednio zwi\u0105zane ze sprawno\u015bci\u0105 \u03b7 jednostki termoelektrycznej, wi\u0119c wzrasta ona, gdy ZT i \u0394T maj\u0105 du\u017ce warto\u015bci<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb81973 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eb81973\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00f3wnanie 2\n\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b234ea elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8b234ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"98\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-ZT-Gleichung-2-Wirkungsgrad-300x98-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-31943\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4998487 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4998487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Optymalizacja materia\u0142\u00f3w termoelektrycznych<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d73544d elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d73544d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Szeroka gama klas materia\u0142\u00f3w wykazuje efekty termoelektryczne o r\u00f3\u017cnej sile. Przez d\u0142ugi czas warto\u015b\u0107 1 by\u0142a uwa\u017cana za maksymalny wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik dobroci, ale obecnie niekt\u00f3re zoptymalizowane materia\u0142y osi\u0105gaj\u0105 warto\u015bci 2 lub wy\u017csze. <br><br>Jak wida\u0107 z r\u00f3wnania 1, istniej\u0105 dwa r\u00f3\u017cne podej\u015bcia do zwi\u0119kszenia ZT: mo\u017cna zmaksymalizowa\u0107 tak zwany wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik mocy S2\u03c3 i\/lub zminimalizowa\u0107 przewodno\u015b\u0107 ciepln\u0105. Aby to osi\u0105gn\u0105\u0107, istniej\u0105ce materia\u0142y s\u0105 ulepszane, np. poprzez domieszkowanie, i opracowywane s\u0105 nowe materia\u0142y. To ostatnie mo\u017cna osi\u0105gn\u0105\u0107 na przyk\u0142ad poprzez nanostrukturyzacj\u0119, kt\u00f3ra znacznie zmniejsza przewodno\u015b\u0107 ciepln\u0105 bez znacz\u0105cego wp\u0142ywu na wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik mocy. Je\u015bli termoelektryki s\u0105 wykorzystywane w przemy\u015ble, wa\u017cne s\u0105 koszty, toksyczno\u015b\u0107 i dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107 materia\u0142\u00f3w.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cead25 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8cead25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pomiar wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnika dobroci\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ed0642 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ed0642\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDost\u0119pne s\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cne metody okre\u015blania wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnika termoelektrycznego.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b9f02d elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b9f02d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li>Z jednej strony, poszczeg\u00f3lne parametry (wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik Seebecka, przewodno\u015b\u0107 elektryczna i cieplna) mog\u0105 by\u0107 mierzone, a ZT obliczane zgodnie z r\u00f3wnaniem 1.<\/li><li>Z drugiej strony, mo\u017cliwe jest bezpo\u015brednie wykorzystanie ZT za pomoc\u0105 tzw. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/methoden\/harman-methode\/\">\n  <strong>metody Harmana<\/strong>\n<\/a> metoda.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c3b7e elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c0c3b7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. obliczenie zgodnie z r\u00f3wnaniem 1\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-536134f elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"536134f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Istniej\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cne<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/messgeraete\/lsr-thermoelektrik\/lsr-l31\/\">\n  <strong> komercyjne urz\u0105dzenia<\/strong>\n<\/a> do quasi-symultanicznego pomiaru przewodno\u015bci elektrycznej i wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnika Seebecka. Przewodno\u015b\u0107 cieplna lub dyfuzyjno\u015b\u0107 cieplna jest zwykle okre\u015blana przy u\u017cyciu lasera lub metody b\u0142ysku \u015bwiat\u0142a. Bezpo\u015brednim wynikiem tej metody jest dyfuzyjno\u015b\u0107 cieplna. Je\u015bli znana jest g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 i przewodno\u015b\u0107 cieplna w\u0142a\u015bciwa.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c329c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5c329c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6449d elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6449d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Czy mo\u017cna na tej podstawie obliczy\u0107 przewodno\u015b\u0107 ciepln\u0105 za pomoc\u0105 nast\u0119puj\u0105cego wzoru?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8709dbd elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8709dbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"340\" height=\"127\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-Warmeleitfahigkeit.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-31947\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-Warmeleitfahigkeit.png 340w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-Warmeleitfahigkeit-300x112.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">z: \u03bb: Przewodno\u015b\u0107 cieplna [W\/(m-K)] a: Dyfuzyjno\u015b\u0107 cieplna [m\u00b2\/s] r: G\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 [g\/m3] Cp: Ciep\u0142o w\u0142a\u015bciwe [J\/(g\/K)]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28f2c3f elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28f2c3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wszystkie te zmienne zale\u017c\u0105 od temperatury.<br><br><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ad86f1 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ad86f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOznacza to, \u017ce w celu obliczenia liczby zalet nale\u017cy okre\u015bli\u0107 \u0142\u0105cznie pi\u0119\u0107 zmiennych (zale\u017cnych od temperatury). Analiz\u0119 b\u0142\u0119d\u00f3w mo\u017cna znale\u017a\u0107 w literaturze [1]. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f0150a elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7f0150a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. wyznaczanie metod\u0105 Harmana\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb3a7a6 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb3a7a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTak zwana metoda Harmana umo\u017cliwia bezpo\u015bredni pomiar wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnika dobroci. W tym celu przez pr\u00f3bk\u0119 w kszta\u0142cie pr\u0119ta przepuszczany jest niewielki pr\u0105d w warunkach adiabatycznych. Obserwowany spadek napi\u0119cia sk\u0142ada si\u0119 ze sk\u0142adowej omowej (UR; op\u00f3r elektryczny) i sk\u0142adowej termoelektrycznej spowodowanej efektem Seebecka (Uth; napi\u0119cie termoelektryczne). W przeciwie\u0144stwie do sk\u0142adowej omowej, kt\u00f3ra wyst\u0119puje spontanicznie, sk\u0142adowa spowodowana efektem Seebecka narasta powoli:   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cccb95 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7cccb95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"439\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/LSR-Harman-1024x562.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33719\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/LSR-Harman-1024x562.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/LSR-Harman-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/LSR-Harman-768x422.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/LSR-Harman-1536x843.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/LSR-Harman-2048x1124.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Pomiar ZT metod\u0105 Harmana<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f9d93 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"12f9d93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiczb\u0119 jako\u015bci uzyskuje si\u0119 poprzez podzielenie tych dw\u00f3ch proporcji:\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ff4a03 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ff4a03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00f3wnanie 4\n\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cd93bb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4cd93bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"171\" height=\"127\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/ZT-formula.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-31960\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">z: Uth: sk\u0142adowa termoelektryczna (Seebecka) spadku napi\u0119cia UR: sk\u0142adowa omowa (rezystancyjna) spadku napi\u0119cia<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51281f4 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"51281f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura:\n\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35f5662 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35f5662\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>[1] A. Alleno et al, A round robin test of the uncertainty on the measurement.of the thermoelectric dimensionless figure of merit of Co0.97Ni0.03Sb3, REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 86, 011301 (2015).<br><br>[2] T.C. Harman, Journal of Applied Physics 29, 1373 (1958).<br><br>[3] T. C. Harman, J. H. Cahn i M. J. Logan, J. Appl. Phys.  30(9), 1351 (1959).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d5950 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"87d5950\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Materia\u0142y termoelektryczne mog\u0105 przekszta\u0142ca\u0107 ciep\u0142o bezpo\u015brednio w energi\u0119 elektryczn\u0105. W\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015b\u0107 ta opiera si\u0119 na efekcie Seebecka, w kt\u00f3rym r\u00f3\u017cnica temperatur przy\u0142o\u017cona do materia\u0142u generuje napi\u0119cie. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":31935,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[596],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-101707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wiedza"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101707","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=101707"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101707\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31935"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101707"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=101707"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=101707"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}