{"id":101693,"date":"2024-07-18T11:24:27","date_gmt":"2024-07-18T09:24:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/bez-kategorii\/pojemnosc-cieplna-wlasciwa\/"},"modified":"2026-01-16T10:06:07","modified_gmt":"2026-01-16T09:06:07","slug":"pojemnosc-cieplna-wlasciwa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wiedza\/pojemnosc-cieplna-wlasciwa\/","title":{"rendered":"Pojemno\u015b\u0107 cieplna w\u0142a\u015bciwa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"101693\" class=\"elementor elementor-101693 elementor-12526\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eb8745 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9eb8745\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffaef65 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffaef65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&#8222;Pojemno\u015b\u0107 cieplna w\u0142a\u015bciwa wskazuje zdolno\u015b\u0107 substancji do magazynowania ciep\u0142a. Ta wielko\u015b\u0107 materialna odpowiada ilo\u015bci ciep\u0142a wymaganej do podgrzania okre\u015blonej ilo\u015bci substancji o jeden Kelwin.&#8221;<\/p><p>DSC mo\u017cna wykorzysta\u0107 do okre\u015blenia pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej (zwanej dalej Cp) [3, rozdz. 6.2]. Specyficzna pojemno\u015b\u0107 cieplna jest wielko\u015bci\u0105 intensywn\u0105 poprzez dodanie masy. Wskazuje, ile ciep\u0142a musi poch\u0142on\u0105\u0107 substancja, aby zwi\u0119kszy\u0107 mas\u0119 substancji o okre\u015blon\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cnic\u0119 temperatur. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik Cp zale\u017cy od temperatury i jest obliczany wed\u0142ug wzoru,   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d9d0c5 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5d9d0c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"216\" height=\"116\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32928\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40f9ded elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40f9ded\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tprzy czym zak\u0142ada si\u0119, \u017ce ci\u015bnienie otoczenia jest sta\u0142e [2, s. 118]. Jednostk\u0105 pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej [3, s. 78] jest \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-072dfa1 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"072dfa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"203\" height=\"100\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32932\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-383f76a elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"383f76a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSta\u0142e ci\u015bnienie, charakteryzowane przez wska\u017anik &#8222;p&#8221;, jest warunkiem wst\u0119pnym prawid\u0142owych pomiar\u00f3w DSC. Co wi\u0119cej, pojemno\u015b\u0107 cieplna mo\u017ce by\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c reprezentowana przy za\u0142o\u017ceniu sta\u0142ej obj\u0119to\u015bci, kt\u00f3ra z kolei jest okre\u015blana jako Cv.\nPoni\u017cej (Rys. 1) przedstawiono typow\u0105 krzyw\u0105 CP sygna\u0142u pomiarowego DSC z przypuszczalnie znacz\u0105cym wzrostem pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej w trakcie procesu topienia. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eac9a92 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eac9a92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/DSC-CP-measurement-1-1024x633-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32936\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/DSC-CP-measurement-1-1024x633-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/DSC-CP-measurement-1-1024x633-1-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/DSC-CP-measurement-1-1024x633-1-768x475.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Rysunek 1: Wynik pomiaru CP [4, s. 250]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73a6ba1 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73a6ba1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPrzyczyn\u0105 wzrostu warto\u015bci Cp jest endotermiczny charakter tego przej\u015bcia. Oznacza to, \u017ce system pomiarowy musi dostarczy\u0107 wi\u0119cej energii, aby pod\u0105\u017ca\u0107 za okre\u015blonym profilem temperatury. Nie odpowiada to jednak rzeczywistej warto\u015bci Cp i z tego powodu przyjmuje si\u0119, \u017ce pojemno\u015b\u0107 cieplna w\u0142a\u015bciwa w obszarze przej\u015bcia fazowego jest niesko\u0144czona.  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b9987a elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b9987a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odwo\u0142ywanie si\u0119 z pomoc\u0105 Saphir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33229bc elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"33229bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSzafir jest najcz\u0119\u015bciej stosowanym wzorcem do pomiar\u00f3w za pomoc\u0105 DSC przy okre\u015blaniu wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik\u00f3w korekcyjnych do pomiaru pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej. Kryszta\u0142 sk\u0142adaj\u0105cy si\u0119 z tlenku glinu (zwanego dalej <sub>Al2O3<\/sub> ) wyst\u0119puje w postaci naturalnej. Jednak\u017ce szafir mo\u017ce by\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c produkowany syntetycznie w doskona\u0142ej jako\u015bci. Syntetycznie wytwarzane szk\u0142a szafirowe s\u0105 zwykle bezbarwne i, ze wzgl\u0119du na wysok\u0105 temperatur\u0119 topnienia 2050 \u00b0C, oboj\u0119tne w zwyk\u0142ym zakresie temperatur dla DSC. Sztuczna produkcja pozwala na wytwarzanie szafiru z wysok\u0105 precyzj\u0105 i stanowi bardzo precyzyjny standard. Jednak pr\u00f3bki o silnie odbiegaj\u0105cej pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej mog\u0105 wykazywa\u0107 odchylenia pomiarowe. W takim przypadku nale\u017cy zastosowa\u0107 wzorzec o por\u00f3wnywalnej pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej.      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a1e487 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a1e487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Metody okre\u015blania pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej przy u\u017cyciu DSC<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-925ee9d elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"925ee9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIstniej\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cne metody okre\u015blania pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej za pomoc\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cnicowych kalorymetr\u00f3w skaningowych. Zosta\u0142y one pokr\u00f3tce przedstawione poni\u017cej. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6497fe2 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6497fe2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Klasyczny pomiar CP przy u\u017cyciu DSC\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1971082 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1971082\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKlasyczne wyznaczanie pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej za pomoc\u0105 DSC odbywa si\u0119 w trzech etapach. W pierwszym etapie podgrzewany jest tylko odpowiedni tygiel pr\u00f3bki i rejestrowana jest krzywa zerowa odpowiadaj\u0105ca testowi w celu skompensowania bezw\u0142adno\u015bci uk\u0142adu pomiarowego. W drugim etapie, znany materia\u0142 referencyjny jest mierzony w tych samych warunkach testowych. Warunkiem wst\u0119pnym jest, aby materia\u0142 by\u0142 bardzo czysty, dobrze zdefiniowany i oboj\u0119tny w po\u017c\u0105danym zakresie temperatur. Dost\u0119pne musz\u0105 by\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c literaturowe warto\u015bci pojemno\u015bci cieplnej materia\u0142u referencyjnego w funkcji temperatury. W trzecim etapie analizowana pr\u00f3bka jest mierzona w tych samych warunkach testowych. Krzywa zerowa jest odejmowana od pomiar\u00f3w referencyjnych i pomiar\u00f3w pr\u00f3bki. Na podstawie r\u00f3\u017cnicy mi\u0119dzy dwiema krzywymi DSC, wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik kalibracji i por\u00f3wnanie przep\u0142yw\u00f3w ciep\u0142a mo\u017cna wykorzysta\u0107 do obliczenia pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej zgodnie z nast\u0119puj\u0105cymi zasadami       \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32001a3 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"32001a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"341\" height=\"94\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-3.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32940\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-3.png 341w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-3-300x83.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 341px) 100vw, 341px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24ee9f1 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24ee9f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[4, s. 119]. Ilustracj\u0119 trzech krzywych i metody przedstawiono na rys. 2.  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7aa9821 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7aa9821\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"604\" height=\"673\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Abbildung-2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32944\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Abbildung-2.png 604w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Abbildung-2-269x300.png 269w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Rysunek 2: Ilustracja trzech wymaganych pomiar\u00f3w DSC (a) i profilu ogrzewania (b) w celu okre\u015blenia pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej [4, s. 119].  <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50ba5ab elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50ba5ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPoniewa\u017c stosowane s\u0105 bardzo ma\u0142e masy pr\u00f3bek, konieczne jest bardzo dok\u0142adne okre\u015blenie mas materia\u0142u referencyjnego i pr\u00f3bki. Tygiel i wszystkie inne warunki otoczenia musz\u0105 by\u0107 jak najbardziej identyczne. Poniewa\u017c w przeciwnym razie wyst\u0105pi\u0105 odchylenia pomiarowe, nale\u017cy przestrzega\u0107 dok\u0142adnego ustawienia tygla i pr\u00f3bki. Materia\u0142 referencyjny powinien by\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c podobny do badanej pr\u00f3bki pod wzgl\u0119dem masy i pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej, aby zminimalizowa\u0107 wp\u0142ywy, takie jak gradienty temperatury w pr\u00f3bce.   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b454439 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b454439\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pomiar CP z modulacj\u0105 temperatury przy u\u017cyciu DSC\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40ea29a elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40ea29a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPodczas okre\u015blania pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej za pomoc\u0105 pomiaru z modulacj\u0105 temperatury, na krzyw\u0105 temperatury nak\u0142adana jest fala sinusoidalna. Warunkiem wst\u0119pnym dla tej metody pomiaru jest to, \u017ce DSC mo\u017ce pod\u0105\u017ca\u0107 za okre\u015blon\u0105 modulowan\u0105 temperatur\u0105. W zwi\u0105zku z tym profil temperatury [4, s. 132] mo\u017cna opisa\u0107 w nast\u0119puj\u0105cy spos\u00f3b:  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d22671 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2d22671\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"55\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-4-300x55-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32948\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-464c830 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"464c830\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPowoduje to przep\u0142yw ciep\u0142a z\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-102fb6e elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"102fb6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"76\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-5-300x76-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32952\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0542cf elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0542cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tz\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-321ac29 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"321ac29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"68\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Fomel-6-300x68-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32956\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-320aa5c elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"320aa5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[2, s. 187], co oznacza, \u017ce\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aae356d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"aae356d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"687\" height=\"88\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-7.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32960\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-7.png 687w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-7-300x38.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 687px) 100vw, 687px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b20db60 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b20db60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJe\u015bli zmierzone DSC jest analizowane, pojemno\u015b\u0107 cieplna w\u0142a\u015bciwa [1, s. 363] jest obliczana w nast\u0119puj\u0105cy spos\u00f3b\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fe0aac elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1fe0aac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"221\" height=\"109\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-8.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32964\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0bcaa1 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0bcaa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBezw\u0142adno\u015b\u0107 system\u00f3w pomiarowych i piec\u00f3w ogranicza amplitud\u0119 i wymaga d\u0142ugich okres\u00f3w. Aby uzyska\u0107 dobr\u0105 rozdzielczo\u015b\u0107 wynikowej pojemno\u015bci cieplnej, nale\u017cy przeprowadzi\u0107 wystarczaj\u0105c\u0105 liczb\u0119 okres\u00f3w modulacji, co oznacza, \u017ce pomiary s\u0105 czasoch\u0142onne. \n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5ceaeb elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f5ceaeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pomiar CP z modulacj\u0105 temperatury przy u\u017cyciu DSC\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31b0d4b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31b0d4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPodczas okre\u015blania pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej za pomoc\u0105 pomiaru z modulacj\u0105 temperatury, na krzyw\u0105 temperatury nak\u0142adana jest fala sinusoidalna. Warunkiem wst\u0119pnym dla tej metody pomiaru jest to, \u017ce DSC mo\u017ce pod\u0105\u017ca\u0107 za okre\u015blon\u0105 modulowan\u0105 temperatur\u0105. W zwi\u0105zku z tym profil temperatury [4, s. 132] mo\u017cna opisa\u0107 w nast\u0119puj\u0105cy spos\u00f3b:  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46d54de elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"46d54de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"55\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-4-300x55-2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32968\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c42e07 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c42e07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPowoduje to przep\u0142yw ciep\u0142a z\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a9e13c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7a9e13c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"76\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-5-300x76-1-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32972\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7f1373 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7f1373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tz\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a8f246 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9a8f246\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"68\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Fomel-6-300x68-1-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32980\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d1e529 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d1e529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t[2, s. 187], co oznacza, \u017ce\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4382ac2 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4382ac2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"687\" height=\"88\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-7-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-32992\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-7-1.png 687w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-7-1-300x38.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 687px) 100vw, 687px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5f5ff0 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5f5ff0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJe\u015bli zmierzone DSC jest analizowane, pojemno\u015b\u0107 cieplna w\u0142a\u015bciwa [1, s. 363] jest obliczana w nast\u0119puj\u0105cy spos\u00f3b\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9022952 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9022952\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"221\" height=\"109\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-8-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33000\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfe5f37 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bfe5f37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBezw\u0142adno\u015b\u0107 system\u00f3w pomiarowych i piec\u00f3w ogranicza amplitud\u0119 i wymaga d\u0142ugich okres\u00f3w. Aby uzyska\u0107 dobr\u0105 rozdzielczo\u015b\u0107 wynikowej pojemno\u015bci cieplnej, nale\u017cy przeprowadzi\u0107 wystarczaj\u0105c\u0105 liczb\u0119 okres\u00f3w modulacji, co oznacza, \u017ce pomiary s\u0105 czasoch\u0142onne. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3dd3c elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f3dd3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oddzielenie odwracalnej i nieodwracalnej cz\u0119\u015bci sygna\u0142u DSC\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4acdfe2 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4acdfe2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSygna\u0142 DSC mo\u017cna podzieli\u0107 na sk\u0142adnik odwracalny (oznaczany w dalszej cz\u0119\u015bci skr\u00f3tem REV) i nieodwracalny (oznaczany w dalszej cz\u0119\u015bci skr\u00f3tem NONREV) zgodnie z nast\u0119puj\u0105cymi zasadami\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1f393 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3c1f393\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"354\" height=\"81\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-9.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33004\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-9.png 354w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-9-300x69.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27622fa elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27622fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tmo\u017cna rozdzieli\u0107 [5, s. 172]. Odwracalna cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 sygna\u0142u DSC obejmuje te efekty, kt\u00f3re wyst\u0119puj\u0105 w spos\u00f3b powtarzalny, takie jak przej\u015bcia szkliste lub procesy topnienia [2, sekcja 3.1.4]. Efekty nieodwracalne to te, kt\u00f3re wyst\u0119puj\u0105 tylko raz w odpowiedniej pr\u00f3bce, takie jak parowanie wody. Sygna\u0142y te mo\u017cna oddzieli\u0107 od siebie za pomoc\u0105 pomiaru modulowanego temperaturowo. Zgodnie ze wzorem do obliczania pomiaru modulowanego temperatur\u0105 [5, s. 172], mo\u017cna za\u0142o\u017cy\u0107, \u017ce    \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a6ccae elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5a6ccae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"82\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-10.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33008\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-10.png 921w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-10-300x31.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-10-768x78.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18eb3d6 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18eb3d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW zwi\u0105zku z tym cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 odwracaln\u0105 mo\u017cna opisa\u0107 w nast\u0119puj\u0105cy spos\u00f3b\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4606665 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4606665\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"53\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-11-300x53-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33012\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ac364f elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ac364f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ti nieodwracalna cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 sygna\u0142u DSC po\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a09c5ef elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a09c5ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"48\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-12-300x48-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33016\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9907d8c elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9907d8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJe\u015bli modulowany sygna\u0142 pomiarowy zosta\u0142 zarejestrowany, a pojemno\u015b\u0107 cieplna w\u0142a\u015bciwa zosta\u0142a obliczona za pomoc\u0105 DSC, jak opisano w cz\u0119\u015bci Pomiar CP z modulacj\u0105 temperatury, NONREV mo\u017cna obliczy\u0107 zgodnie z poni\u017cszym wzorem\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81beb4b elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"81beb4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"85\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-13PNG-300x85-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33020\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eac9a6d elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eac9a6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ta tym samym obliczy\u0107 REV poprzez odj\u0119cie NONREV od sygna\u0142u DSC. Je\u015bli efekty nak\u0142adaj\u0105 si\u0119 na inne pomiary, cz\u0119sto mo\u017cna je wyra\u017anie przypisa\u0107 i przeanalizowa\u0107 przy u\u017cyciu tego podzia\u0142u. Jednak czas i nak\u0142ad pracy s\u0105 znacznie wi\u0119ksze. Rys. 3 przedstawia typow\u0105 reprezentacj\u0119 sygna\u0142u DSC z powi\u0105zanymi sk\u0142adnikami odwracalnymi i nieodwracalnymi.    \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e80db6 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9e80db6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"416\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/DSC-signal-REV-and-NONREV-heat-flux-component-of-PET-1-1024x532-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33024\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/DSC-signal-REV-and-NONREV-heat-flux-component-of-PET-1-1024x532-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/DSC-signal-REV-and-NONREV-heat-flux-component-of-PET-1-1024x532-1-300x156.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/DSC-signal-REV-and-NONREV-heat-flux-component-of-PET-1-1024x532-1-768x399.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Rysunek 3: Sygna\u0142 DSC, sk\u0142adowa REV i NONREV przep\u0142ywu ciep\u0142a PET [5, s. 172].<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d8696 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4d8696\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pomiar 3-Omega CP przy u\u017cyciu DSC\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b7050b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b7050b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInn\u0105 metod\u0105 okre\u015blania pojemno\u015bci cieplnej w\u0142a\u015bciwej jest metoda 3\u03c9. Metoda wynaleziona przez Davida Cahilla wykorzystuje grzejnik, kt\u00f3ry jest wzbudzany z pr\u0119dko\u015bci\u0105 k\u0105tow\u0105 \u03c9. Metoda ta jest faktycznie stosowana do okre\u015blania przewodno\u015bci cieplnej [6, s. 19]. Jest ona okre\u015blana przez   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0308c19 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0308c19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"180\" height=\"105\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-14.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33028\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a003512 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a003512\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ti mo\u017ce by\u0107 u\u017cywany w po\u0142\u0105czeniu z\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98525f7 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"98525f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"255\" height=\"84\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Formel-16.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-33032\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e27d932 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e27d932\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tmo\u017cna przeliczy\u0107 [6, s. 69]. Mierz\u0105c okresow\u0105 zmian\u0119 temperatury pr\u00f3bki, mo\u017cna zatem okre\u015bli\u0107, jak du\u017ca jest pojemno\u015b\u0107 cieplna w\u0142a\u015bciwa. Poniewa\u017c jednak metoda ta jest przeznaczona do pomiaru pr\u00f3bek cienkowarstwowych, kt\u00f3re s\u0105 rzadko stosowane w konwencjonalnych pomiarach DSC, metoda ta jest ma\u0142o odpowiednia dla konwencjonalnych urz\u0105dze\u0144 DSC.  \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62a9cd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"62a9cd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04cd146 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"04cd146\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c38716 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c38716\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ciep\u0142o w\u0142a\u015bciwe mo\u017cna okre\u015bli\u0107 za pomoc\u0105 nast\u0119puj\u0105cych urz\u0105dze\u0144 pomiarowych Linseis: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/messgeraete\/chip-dsc-10\/\">\n  <strong>Chip DSC<\/strong>\n<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/messgeraete\/dsc-pt-1600\/\">\n  <strong>DSC PT 1600 (HDSC L62)<\/strong>\n<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/startseite\/messgeraete\/thermische-analyse\/simultane-thermische-analyse\/\">\n  <strong>STA<\/strong>\n<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-debd90a elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"debd90a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura:\n\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca0f44f elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca0f44f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li>B. Wunderlich, Analiza termiczna materia\u0142\u00f3w polimerowych. Berlin, Heidelberg: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/de\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n  <strong>Springer-Verlag<\/strong>\n<\/a> Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. <\/li><li>S. M. Sarge, G. W. H. H\u00f6hne i W. Hemminger, Calorimetry: Fundamentals, instrumentation and applications. Weinheim, Niemcy: Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2014. <\/li><li>G. W. H. H\u00f6hne, W. Hemminger i H.-J. Flammersheim, Differential Scanning Calorimetry: An Introduction for Practitioners. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 1996.<\/li><li>G. W. H. H\u00f6hne, W. F. Hemminger i H.-J. Flammersheim, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, 2nd ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2003.<br>J. D. Menczel and R. B. Prime, Thermal analysis of polymers. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley, 2009. <\/li><li>P. B\u00f6ckh i T. Wetzel, W\u00e4rme\u00fcbertragung: Fundamentals and Practice, 5th ed. Berlin: Springer Vieweg, 2014. <\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e58632 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7e58632\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pojemno\u015b\u0107 cieplna w\u0142a\u015bciwa wskazuje zdolno\u015b\u0107 substancji do magazynowania ciep\u0142a. Ta wielko\u015b\u0107 materialna odpowiada ilo\u015bci ciep\u0142a wymaganej do podgrzania okre\u015blonej ilo\u015bci substancji o jeden Kelwin. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":32924,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[596],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-101693","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wiedza"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101693","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=101693"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101693\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32924"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101693"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=101693"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=101693"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}