{"id":151912,"date":"2026-08-19T09:22:14","date_gmt":"2026-08-19T07:22:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/applikationen\/analiza-materialow-dla-nowych-technologii\/nanotechnologia\/"},"modified":"2026-08-19T10:06:01","modified_gmt":"2026-08-19T08:06:01","slug":"nanotechnologia","status":"publish","type":"applikationen","link":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/aplikacje\/analiza-materialow-dla-nowych-technologii\/nanotechnologia\/","title":{"rendered":"Nanotechnologia"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"151912\" class=\"elementor elementor-151912 elementor-151089\" data-elementor-post-type=\"applikationen\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7516b3d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7516b3d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-378a0083 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"378a0083\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/linseis_scale-top-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-123860\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25e384b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"25e384b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c873ac5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c873ac5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7935fea3 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7935fea3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Nanotechnologia<\/b><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7d6339 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b7d6339\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Precyzyjna charakterystyka termiczna i elektryczna nanomateria\u0142\u00f3w, nanostruktur i funkcjonalnych uk\u0142ad\u00f3w materia\u0142owych<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cd67cd1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4cd67cd1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-622707ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-carousel\" data-id=\"622707ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;carousel_items&quot;:[{&quot;slide_title&quot;:&quot;Produkt 1&quot;,&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;d6fbcdb&quot;}],&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slides_to_scroll&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:2000,&quot;slides_to_show_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slides_to_show_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;offset_sides&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;image_spacing_custom&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;image_spacing_custom_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;image_spacing_custom_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-carousel swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Karussell\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" data-slide=\"1\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"1 of 1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-514da080 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"514da080\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba251e5 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ba251e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Linseis-Icons_Nanotechnologie-1024x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151884\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Linseis-Icons_Nanotechnologie-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Linseis-Icons_Nanotechnologie-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Linseis-Icons_Nanotechnologie-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Linseis-Icons_Nanotechnologie-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Linseis-Icons_Nanotechnologie-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Linseis-Icons_Nanotechnologie-2048x2048.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cde5263 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3cde5263\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/linseis_scale-bottom-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-123871\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16040c26 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"16040c26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec28532 e-con-full elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec28532\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_anchor_link_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d3f716 elementor-align-right elementor-widget__width-auto btn-fancy elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6d3f716\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#herausforderungen\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Wyzwania<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9671f7 elementor-align-right elementor-widget__width-auto btn-fancy elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c9671f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#methode\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Metody<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eac49ee elementor-align-right elementor-widget__width-auto btn-fancy elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"eac49ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#geraete\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Urz\u0105dzenia<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c6b02d elementor-align-right elementor-widget__width-auto btn-fancy elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"8c6b02d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#applikation\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Zakres zastosowa\u0144<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-086a8ef elementor-align-right elementor-widget__width-auto btn-fancy elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"086a8ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#faq\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Najcz\u0119\u015bciej zadawane pytania<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7125e09a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7125e09a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55187de9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55187de9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5341e60c elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-bcn_widget\" data-id=\"5341e60c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-bcn_widget.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"breadcrumbs\" vocab=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/\" typeof=\"BreadcrumbList\"><span property=\"itemListElement\" typeof=\"ListItem\"><a property=\"item\" typeof=\"WebPage\" title=\"Przejd\u017a do Linseis.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/\" class=\"home\" aria-current=\"page\"><span property=\"name\">Linseis<\/span><\/a><meta property=\"position\" content=\"1\"><\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bf0bd89 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bf0bd89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-266b41f0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"266b41f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-662cae92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"662cae92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"860\" data-end=\"1257\">Nanotechnologia umo\u017cliwia ukierunkowane opracowywanie materia\u0142\u00f3w i struktur, kt\u00f3rych w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci mog\u0105 ulega\u0107 zasadniczym zmianom w wyniku wymiar\u00f3w rz\u0119du nanometr\u00f3w. Nanocz\u0105stki, materia\u0142y o strukturze nanometrycznej oraz warstwy funkcjonalne w skali nano znajduj\u0105 obecnie zastosowanie mi\u0119dzy innymi w <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/aplikacje\/analiza-materialow-dla-branzy-elektronicznej-i-polprzewodnikowej\/\"><strong>p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikach<\/strong><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/aplikacje\/analiza-materialow-dla-systemow-energetycznych-i-akumulatorowych\/\"><strong>akumulatorach<\/strong><\/a>, czujnikach, materia\u0142ach termoelektrycznych oraz nowoczesnych pow\u0142okach. <\/p><p data-start=\"1259\" data-end=\"1696\">Wraz ze zmniejszaniem si\u0119 rozmiar\u00f3w strukturalnych coraz wi\u0119kszego znaczenia nabieraj\u0105 powierzchnie, granice faz i mechanizmy transportu w nanoskali. W zwi\u0105zku z tym w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci termiczne i elektryczne mog\u0105 znacznie odbiega\u0107 od w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci odpowiadaj\u0105cego im materia\u0142u masowego. Precyzyjna charakterystyka eksperymentalna ma zatem kluczowe znaczenie dla zrozumienia zale\u017cno\u015bci mi\u0119dzy struktur\u0105 a w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bciami oraz dla ukierunkowanej optymalizacji nanomateria\u0142\u00f3w pod k\u0105tem zastosowa\u0144 technicznych.  <\/p><p data-start=\"1698\" data-end=\"1969\">Urz\u0105dzenia analityczne firmy LINSEIS umo\u017cliwiaj\u0105 badanie w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci termicznych, termofizycznych i elektrycznych nowoczesnych nanomateria\u0142\u00f3w \u2013 od nanostrukturalnych materia\u0142\u00f3w masowych i nanokompozyt\u00f3w po warstwy w nanoskali oraz funkcjonalne uk\u0142ady materia\u0142owe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cec6e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"6cec6e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"wyzwania\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af460cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af460cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Istotne zagadnienia<\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"122jyvw\" data-start=\"2059\" data-end=\"2117\">W jaki spos\u00f3b struktury w nanoskali wp\u0142ywaj\u0105 na przep\u0142yw ciep\u0142a?<\/li>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"qzbzs9\" data-start=\"2118\" data-end=\"2193\">Czym r\u00f3\u017cni\u0105 si\u0119 materia\u0142y nanometryczne od materia\u0142\u00f3w masowych pod wzgl\u0119dem w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci?<\/li>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1on0j6l\" data-start=\"2194\" data-end=\"2256\">Jaki wp\u0142yw maj\u0105 powierzchnie graniczne na przewodzenie ciep\u0142a?<\/li>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"eslf4y\" data-start=\"2257\" data-end=\"2322\">W jaki spos\u00f3b nanostruktura wp\u0142ywa na przewodno\u015b\u0107 elektryczn\u0105?<\/li>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"w2zqno\" data-start=\"2323\" data-end=\"2387\">Jak\u0105 rol\u0119 odgrywaj\u0105 st\u0119\u017cenie no\u015bnik\u00f3w \u0142adunku i ich ruchliwo\u015b\u0107?<\/li>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"16akk54\" data-start=\"2388\" data-end=\"2459\">W jaki spos\u00f3b nanocz\u0105steczki zmieniaj\u0105 w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci materia\u0142u kompozytowego?<\/li>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"186ju8h\" data-start=\"2460\" data-end=\"2530\">Jak\u0105 stabilno\u015b\u0107 termiczn\u0105 wykazuj\u0105 materia\u0142y o strukturze nanometrycznej?<\/li>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1moj5cp\" data-start=\"2531\" data-end=\"2612\">Jak zmieniaj\u0105 si\u0119 w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci termiczne i elektryczne wraz ze wzrostem temperatury?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Istotne parametry materia\u0142owe i procesowe<\/h3>\n<table class=\"linseis-table\">\n    <thead>\n        <tr>\n            <th>Parametry<\/th>\n            <th>Znaczenie<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n    <\/thead>\n    <tbody>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Przewodno\u015b\u0107 cieplna<\/td>\n            <td>Charakterystyka przenoszenia ciep\u0142a w materia\u0142ach o strukturze nanometrycznej<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Przewodno\u015b\u0107 cieplna<\/td>\n            <td>Ocena rozprzestrzeniania si\u0119 ciep\u0142a w materiale<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Granice faz termiczne<\/td>\n            <td>Wp\u0142yw przej\u015b\u0107 materia\u0142owych w skali nano na przenoszenie ciep\u0142a<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Anizotropia termiczna<\/td>\n            <td>Zale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 kierunkowa przenoszenia ciep\u0142a w materia\u0142ach o strukturze uporz\u0105dkowanej<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Op\u00f3r elektryczny<\/td>\n            <td>Ocena w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci transportu elektrycznego<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>St\u0119\u017cenie no\u015bnik\u00f3w \u0142adunku<\/td>\n            <td>Charakterystyka nanomateria\u0142\u00f3w elektronicznych i p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikowych<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Mobilno\u015b\u0107 no\u015bnik\u00f3w \u0142adunku<\/td>\n            <td>Ocena transportu \u0142adunku w materiale<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Stabilno\u015b\u0107 termiczna<\/td>\n            <td>Odporno\u015b\u0107 materia\u0142\u00f3w o strukturze nanometrycznej na obci\u0105\u017cenia temperaturowe<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de95660 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"de95660\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"metoda\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6ed348 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c6ed348\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25eb92b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"25eb92b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1963217 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1963217\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb95720 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb95720\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Metody pomiarowe w nanotechnologii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2099ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2099ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55f0114 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55f0114\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a603ee6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a603ee6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_FDTR_Applikationsseiten-1024x565.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151786\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_FDTR_Applikationsseiten-1024x565.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_FDTR_Applikationsseiten-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_FDTR_Applikationsseiten-768x424.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_FDTR_Applikationsseiten.png 1096w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-122c227 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"122c227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/linseis_corner-white-up-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-29138\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7467ab0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7467ab0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Termorefleksja w dziedzinie cz\u0119stotliwo\u015bci (FDTR)<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06280d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"06280d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"4163\" data-end=\"4283\">Charakterystyka optyczna przenoszenia ciep\u0142a w warstwach w nanoskali, nanostrukturach i z\u0142o\u017conych uk\u0142adach materia\u0142owych.<\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"7w5esc\" data-start=\"4285\" data-end=\"4300\">Analiza<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"4302\" data-end=\"4430\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1iej18i\" data-start=\"4302\" data-end=\"4322\">Przewodno\u015b\u0107 cieplna<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"198pv5u\" data-start=\"4323\" data-end=\"4348\">Dyfuzyjno\u015b\u0107 cieplna<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"14ih5kj\" data-start=\"4349\" data-end=\"4374\">Przenoszenie ciep\u0142a w p\u0142aszczy\u017anie<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"12649ii\" data-start=\"4375\" data-end=\"4403\">Przenoszenie ciep\u0142a mi\u0119dzy p\u0142aszczyznami<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"navpr2\" data-start=\"4404\" data-end=\"4430\">Granice faz termicznych<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"1o3ot0v\" data-start=\"4432\" data-end=\"4456\">Typowe zastosowania<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"4458\" data-end=\"4589\">\n<li data-section-id=\"b1shf8\" data-start=\"4458\" data-end=\"4487\">Warstwy o strukturze nanometrycznej<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"q6nqsl\" data-start=\"4488\" data-end=\"4511\">Materia\u0142y p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikowe<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"4as5r6\" data-start=\"4512\" data-end=\"4531\">Systemy wielowarstwowe<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"s8ylwt\" data-start=\"4532\" data-end=\"4561\">Nanomateria\u0142y funkcjonalne<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"hfcgys\" data-start=\"4562\" data-end=\"4589\">Mikro- i nanoelektronika<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cab733f btn-simple elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"cab733f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/metody-analizy-termicznej\/fdtr-termorefleksja-w-zakresie-czestotliwosci\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2757\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2757\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2756\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2756\"><path id=\"Pfad_2826\" data-name=\"Pfad 2826\" d=\"M4.051,1.129L.98,10.871h2.523L6.58,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><path id=\"Pfad_2827\" data-name=\"Pfad 2827\" d=\"M8.491,1.129l-3.071,9.742h2.523L11.02,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Dowiedz si\u0119 wi\u0119cej<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f901a4e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f901a4e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-077562c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"077562c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b435fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5b435fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_TFA-1024x565.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140314\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_TFA-1024x565.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_TFA-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_TFA-768x424.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_TFA.png 1096w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c5cddb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5c5cddb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/linseis_corner-white-up-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-29138\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3d2fae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e3d2fae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Analiza cienkich warstw (TFA)<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d60d6c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d60d6c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"4638\" data-end=\"4754\">Charakterystyka termiczna cienkich i nanoskalowych uk\u0142ad\u00f3w materia\u0142owych przy u\u017cyciu elektrycznych struktur grzewczych i pomiarowych.<\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"7w5esc\" data-start=\"4756\" data-end=\"4771\">Analiza<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"4773\" data-end=\"4901\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1iej18i\" data-start=\"4773\" data-end=\"4793\">Przewodno\u015b\u0107 cieplna<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"11vghs2\" data-start=\"4794\" data-end=\"4810\">Przenoszenie ciep\u0142a<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1n81vnm\" data-start=\"4811\" data-end=\"4847\">W\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci zale\u017cne od temperatury<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"yrzep4\" data-start=\"4848\" data-end=\"4865\">Systemy zmianowe<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"2ktpcv\" data-start=\"4866\" data-end=\"4901\">W\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci termiczne materia\u0142\u00f3w<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"1o3ot0v\" data-start=\"4903\" data-end=\"4927\">Typowe zastosowania<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"4929\" data-end=\"5046\">\n<li data-section-id=\"130x5g8\" data-start=\"4929\" data-end=\"4960\">Materia\u0142y o strukturze nanometrycznej<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1es6i4b\" data-start=\"4961\" data-end=\"4972\">Warstwy cienkowarstwowe<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"29hv9l\" data-start=\"4973\" data-end=\"4994\">Warstwy p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikowe<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"kd3rh1\" data-start=\"4995\" data-end=\"5020\">Warstwy dielektryczne<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1b57hcz\" data-start=\"5021\" data-end=\"5046\">Materia\u0142y funkcjonalne<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ce1265 btn-simple elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"1ce1265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/metody-analizy-termicznej\/metoda-3-omega\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2757\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2757\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2756\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2756\"><path id=\"Pfad_2826\" data-name=\"Pfad 2826\" d=\"M4.051,1.129L.98,10.871h2.523L6.58,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><path id=\"Pfad_2827\" data-name=\"Pfad 2827\" d=\"M8.491,1.129l-3.071,9.742h2.523L11.02,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Dowiedz si\u0119 wi\u0119cej<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44a6a3f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"44a6a3f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bbffaa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7bbffaa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a76027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2a76027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_HCS_DEU-1024x565.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140313\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_HCS_DEU-1024x565.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_HCS_DEU-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_HCS_DEU-768x424.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_HCS_DEU.png 1096w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc06658 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dc06658\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/linseis_corner-white-up-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-29138\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7f7786 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7f7786\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Analiza efektu Halla (HCS)<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b862921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b862921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qMYqUG_convSearchResultHighlightRoot\"><div class=\"\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-5\" data-is-intersecting=\"true\"><section class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-5\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-5\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-121\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\"><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal outline-none keyboard-focused:focus-ring [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"0\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"53dea00f-8e0c-429b-b224-7b40bb80087a\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-5\" data-turn-start-message=\"true\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden\"><div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert wrap-break-word w-full dark markdown-new-styling\"><div class=\"qMYqUG_convSearchResultHighlightRoot\"><div class=\"\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-6\" data-is-intersecting=\"true\"><section class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-6\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-6\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-123\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\"><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal outline-none keyboard-focused:focus-ring [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"0\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"64d7dc12-367e-40c0-bc19-bc46484d65e8\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-5\" data-turn-start-message=\"true\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden\"><div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert wrap-break-word w-full dark markdown-new-styling\"><p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"5100\" data-end=\"5210\">Okre\u015blanie podstawowych w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci transportu elektrycznego p\u00f3\u0142przewodnik\u00f3w i nanomateria\u0142\u00f3w funkcjonalnych.<\/p><h3 data-section-id=\"7w5esc\" data-start=\"5212\" data-end=\"5227\">Analiza<\/h3><ul data-start=\"5229\" data-end=\"5367\"><li data-section-id=\"ozi5d4\" data-start=\"5229\" data-end=\"5247\">Wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik Halla<\/li><li data-section-id=\"2hk09o\" data-start=\"5248\" data-end=\"5276\">St\u0119\u017cenie no\u015bnik\u00f3w \u0142adunku<\/li><li data-section-id=\"pedjqs\" data-start=\"5277\" data-end=\"5301\">Mobilno\u015b\u0107 no\u015bnik\u00f3w \u0142adunku<\/li><li data-section-id=\"ko83dd\" data-start=\"5302\" data-end=\"5327\">Op\u00f3r elektryczny<\/li><li data-section-id=\"ijzdes\" data-start=\"5328\" data-end=\"5367\">Transport \u0142adunku zale\u017cny od temperatury<\/li><\/ul><h3 data-section-id=\"1o3ot0v\" data-start=\"5369\" data-end=\"5393\">Typowe zastosowania<\/h3><ul data-start=\"5395\" data-end=\"5518\"><li data-section-id=\"wnfl70\" data-start=\"5395\" data-end=\"5407\">P\u00f3\u0142przewodniki<\/li><li data-section-id=\"130x5g8\" data-start=\"5408\" data-end=\"5439\">Materia\u0142y o strukturze nanoskalowej<\/li><li data-section-id=\"xk9i6n\" data-start=\"5440\" data-end=\"5463\">Warstwy funkcjonalne<\/li><li data-section-id=\"196th0j\" data-start=\"5464\" data-end=\"5487\">Materia\u0142y elektroniczne<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1799d2q\" data-start=\"5488\" data-end=\"5518\">Materia\u0142y termoelektryczne<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb629ab btn-simple elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"eb629ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/urz\u0105dzenia\/hcs-analiza-efektu-halla\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2757\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2757\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2756\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2756\"><path id=\"Pfad_2826\" data-name=\"Pfad 2826\" d=\"M4.051,1.129L.98,10.871h2.523L6.58,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><path id=\"Pfad_2827\" data-name=\"Pfad 2827\" d=\"M8.491,1.129l-3.071,9.742h2.523L11.02,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Dowiedz si\u0119 wi\u0119cej<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de767f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"de767f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29039c3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29039c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b99ed44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b99ed44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_LSR-1024x565.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151787\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_LSR-1024x565.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_LSR-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_LSR-768x424.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_LSR.png 1096w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df19704 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"df19704\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/linseis_corner-white-up-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-29138\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5db278 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b5db278\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Pomiar Seebecka i rezystancji (LSR)<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70f4e05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70f4e05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qMYqUG_convSearchResultHighlightRoot\">\n<div class=\"\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-8\" data-is-intersecting=\"true\">\n<section class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-8\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-8\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-127\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal outline-none keyboard-focused:focus-ring [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"0\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"28463296-bc10-4aff-b327-912872a4f0ac\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-5\" data-turn-start-message=\"true\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert wrap-break-word w-full dark markdown-new-styling\">\n<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"5599\" data-end=\"5716\">Charakterystyka w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci transportu elektrycznego i termoelektrycznego w nanostrukturalnych materia\u0142ach funkcjonalnych.<\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"7w5esc\" data-start=\"5718\" data-end=\"5733\">Analiza<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"5735\" data-end=\"5872\">\n<li data-section-id=\"12o78f1\" data-start=\"5735\" data-end=\"5756\">Wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik Seebecka<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ko83dd\" data-start=\"5757\" data-end=\"5782\">Op\u00f3r elektryczny<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1aubu6a\" data-start=\"5783\" data-end=\"5815\">Transport zale\u017cny od temperatury<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1ylbvoa\" data-start=\"5816\" data-end=\"5850\">W\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci termoelektryczne<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"kah6q6\" data-start=\"5851\" data-end=\"5872\">Optymalizacja materia\u0142\u00f3w<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"1o3ot0v\" data-start=\"5874\" data-end=\"5898\">Typowe zastosowania<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"5900\" data-end=\"6007\">\n<li data-section-id=\"uvwsqb\" data-start=\"5900\" data-end=\"5935\">Nanomateria\u0142y termoelektryczne<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"wnfl70\" data-start=\"5936\" data-end=\"5948\">P\u00f3\u0142przewodniki<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"tfiy7v\" data-start=\"5949\" data-end=\"5964\">Nanokompozyty<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"g25nzr\" data-start=\"5965\" data-end=\"5986\">Materia\u0142y funkcjonalne<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"tcyljq\" data-start=\"5987\" data-end=\"6007\">Materia\u0142y energetyczne<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43e1555 btn-simple elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"43e1555\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/urz\u0105dzenia\/lsr-termoelektryki\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2757\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2757\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2756\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2756\"><path id=\"Pfad_2826\" data-name=\"Pfad 2826\" d=\"M4.051,1.129L.98,10.871h2.523L6.58,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><path id=\"Pfad_2827\" data-name=\"Pfad 2827\" d=\"M8.491,1.129l-3.071,9.742h2.523L11.02,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Zobacz rozwi\u0105zania<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-790102a elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"790102a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"urzdzenia\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2554dcd5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2554dcd5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b380929 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b380929\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zalecane przyrz\u0105dy pomiarowe do zastosowa\u0144 w nanotechnologii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ca18b4 elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-carousel\" data-id=\"4ca18b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;template_id&quot;:109314,&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;_skin&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;slides_to_show_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;slides_to_show_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slides_to_scroll&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;edit_handle_selector&quot;:&quot;.elementor-loop-container&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;offset_sides&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;arrows&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;image_spacing_custom&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;image_spacing_custom_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;image_spacing_custom_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"loop-carousel.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-109314\">.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fe9af43{--display:flex;--min-height:0px;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fe9af43:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fe9af43 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-color:transparent;background-image:linear-gradient(180deg, var( --e-global-color-3f89367 ) 40%, var( --e-global-color-e6ec8d7 ) 40%);}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c78ad0b{--display:flex;--padding-top:60px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:60px;--padding-right:60px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c049c96{text-align:end;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c049c96 img{width:90px;max-width:90px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c049c96 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px -60px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-94a1695{text-align:end;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-94a1695 img{width:125px;max-width:125px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-94a1695 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:60px 0px -60px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c4f48b3{--display:flex;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:60px;--padding-right:60px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0e7301b .elementor-heading-title{font-weight:700;color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-0e7301b > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-26c3b66{--display:flex;--padding-top:15px;--padding-bottom:60px;--padding-left:60px;--padding-right:60px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c7c0cf9{color:var( --e-global-color-text );}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c7c0cf9 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 15px 0px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e25ad5f{font-family:\"tt-commons-pro-thin\", Sans-serif;font-size:16px;line-height:22px;color:var( --e-global-color-text );}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e25ad5f > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 30px 0px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button-content-wrapper{flex-direction:row-reverse;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button .elementor-button-content-wrapper{gap:30px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button{font-family:\"tt-commons-pro\", Sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:2px;fill:var( --e-global-color-secondary );color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );background-color:#FFFFFF00;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button:hover, .elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button:focus{color:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button:hover svg, .elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button:focus svg{fill:var( --e-global-color-accent );}@media(max-width:1330px){.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button{font-size:12px;}}@media(min-width:768px){.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fe9af43{--content-width:100%;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fe9af43{--padding-top:30px;--padding-bottom:30px;--padding-left:30px;--padding-right:30px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c049c96 img{max-width:90px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c049c96 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px -10px -60px 0px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-94a1695 img{max-width:90px;}.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-94a1695 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:40px -10px -60px 0px;}}\/* Start custom CSS for image, class: .elementor-element-c550419 *\/.elementor-109314 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c550419 img:hover {transform:scale(1.2) ;}\n\nimg {transition:0.5s;}\/* End custom CSS *\/\n\/* Start custom CSS for button, class: .elementor-element-157efd1 *\/:hover {transform: 100px}\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"109314\" class=\"elementor elementor-109314 elementor-374 elementor-374 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-102287 post-102287 messgeraete type-messgeraete status-publish hentry category-hcs-analiza-efektu-halla category-wlasciwosci-elektryczne\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe9af43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fe9af43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c78ad0b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c78ad0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c049c96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c049c96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-1024x359.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-37049\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-1024x359.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-300x105.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-768x270.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-1536x539.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-2048x719.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c550419 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c550419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/urz\u0105dzenia\/hcs-analiza-efektu-halla\/hcs-1-10-100-hcs-l36\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/HCS-Overview-1200x1500-1-819x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-128709\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/HCS-Overview-1200x1500-1-819x1024.png 819w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/HCS-Overview-1200x1500-1-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/HCS-Overview-1200x1500-1-768x960.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/HCS-Overview-1200x1500-1.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4f48b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c4f48b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e7301b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e7301b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">HCS L36<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26c3b66 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26c3b66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7c0cf9 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7c0cf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPrecyzyjne pomiary efektu Halla w p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikach, warstwach cienkich i nowoczesnych materia\u0142ach\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157efd1 btn-simple elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"157efd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:750}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/urz\u0105dzenia\/hcs-analiza-efektu-halla\/hcs-1-10-100-hcs-l36\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2757\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2757\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2756\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2756\"><path id=\"Pfad_2826\" data-name=\"Pfad 2826\" d=\"M4.051,1.129L.98,10.871h2.523L6.58,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><path id=\"Pfad_2827\" data-name=\"Pfad 2827\" d=\"M8.491,1.129l-3.071,9.742h2.523L11.02,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Dowiedz si\u0119 wi\u0119cej<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"109314\" class=\"elementor elementor-109314 elementor-374 elementor-374 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-102325 post-102325 messgeraete type-messgeraete status-publish hentry category-przewodnosc-cieplna category-termoelektryki-lsr category-tfa-analizator-cienkowarstwowy category-wlasciwosci-elektryczne\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe9af43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fe9af43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c78ad0b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c78ad0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c049c96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c049c96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Patentiert-Banner-ENG-7-1024x359.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-124297\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Patentiert-Banner-ENG-7-1024x359.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Patentiert-Banner-ENG-7-300x105.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Patentiert-Banner-ENG-7-768x270.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Patentiert-Banner-ENG-7-1536x539.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Patentiert-Banner-ENG-7-2048x719.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c550419 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c550419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/urz\u0105dzenia\/lsr-termoelektryki\/lsr-l33\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/LSR_3_hochskaliert-1-819x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-111696\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/LSR_3_hochskaliert-1-819x1024.png 819w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/LSR_3_hochskaliert-1-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/LSR_3_hochskaliert-1-768x960.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/LSR_3_hochskaliert-1.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4f48b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c4f48b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e7301b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e7301b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LSR-3 (LSR L33)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26c3b66 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26c3b66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7c0cf9 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7c0cf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik Seebecka \/ Przewodno\u015b\u0107 elektryczna \/ Metoda Harmana \/ ZT na modu\u0142ach\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157efd1 btn-simple elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"157efd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:750}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/urz\u0105dzenia\/lsr-termoelektryki\/lsr-l33\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2757\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2757\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2756\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2756\"><path id=\"Pfad_2826\" data-name=\"Pfad 2826\" d=\"M4.051,1.129L.98,10.871h2.523L6.58,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><path id=\"Pfad_2827\" data-name=\"Pfad 2827\" d=\"M8.491,1.129l-3.071,9.742h2.523L11.02,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Dowiedz si\u0119 wi\u0119cej<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"109314\" class=\"elementor elementor-109314 elementor-374 elementor-374 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-102275 post-102275 messgeraete type-messgeraete status-publish hentry category-elektrische-eigenschaft category-tfa-thin-film-analyzer category-tfa-thin-film-analyzer-elektrische-eigenschaft category-waermeleitfaehigkeit\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe9af43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fe9af43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c78ad0b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c78ad0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c550419 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c550419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/urz\u0105dzenia\/wlasciwosci-elektryczne\/cienka-warstwa-analiza-cienkiej-warstwy\/tfa-l59\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/TFA-L59-1200-x-1500-819x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-94998\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/TFA-L59-1200-x-1500-819x1024.png 819w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/TFA-L59-1200-x-1500-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/TFA-L59-1200-x-1500-768x960.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/TFA-L59-1200-x-1500.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4f48b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c4f48b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e7301b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e7301b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">TFA L59<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26c3b66 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26c3b66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7c0cf9 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7c0cf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOkre\u015blanie w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci fizycznych cienkich warstw\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157efd1 btn-simple elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"157efd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:750}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/urz\u0105dzenia\/wlasciwosci-elektryczne\/cienka-warstwa-analiza-cienkiej-warstwy\/tfa-l59\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2757\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2757\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2756\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2756\"><path id=\"Pfad_2826\" data-name=\"Pfad 2826\" d=\"M4.051,1.129L.98,10.871h2.523L6.58,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><path id=\"Pfad_2827\" data-name=\"Pfad 2827\" d=\"M8.491,1.129l-3.071,9.742h2.523L11.02,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Dowiedz si\u0119 wi\u0119cej<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"109314\" class=\"elementor elementor-109314 elementor-374 elementor-374 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-102273 post-102273 messgeraete type-messgeraete status-publish hentry category-tf-lfa-thin-film-laser-flash-analyzer category-waermeleitfaehigkeit\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe9af43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fe9af43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c78ad0b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c78ad0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c049c96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c049c96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-9-1024x359.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-36765\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-9-1024x359.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-9-300x105.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-9-768x270.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-9-1536x539.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-9-2048x719.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c550419 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c550419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/urz\u0105dzenia\/przewodnosc-cieplna\/tf-lfa-l54\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/TF-LFA-FDTR-819x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-49008\" alt=\"TF-LFA Analyse de couches minces\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/TF-LFA-FDTR-819x1024.png 819w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/TF-LFA-FDTR-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/TF-LFA-FDTR-768x960.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/TF-LFA-FDTR.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4f48b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c4f48b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e7301b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e7301b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">TF-LFA L54<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26c3b66 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26c3b66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7c0cf9 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7c0cf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPomiary przewodno\u015bci cieplnej \/ dyfuzyjno\u015bci cieplnej: 10 nm &#8211; 20 \u00b5m\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157efd1 btn-simple elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"157efd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:750}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/urz\u0105dzenia\/przewodnosc-cieplna\/tf-lfa-l54\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2757\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2757\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2756\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2756\"><path id=\"Pfad_2826\" data-name=\"Pfad 2826\" d=\"M4.051,1.129L.98,10.871h2.523L6.58,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><path id=\"Pfad_2827\" data-name=\"Pfad 2827\" d=\"M8.491,1.129l-3.071,9.742h2.523L11.02,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Dowiedz si\u0119 wi\u0119cej<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Poprzedni\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 84 52\"><defs><clipPath id=\"clippath\"><rect x=\"1.282\" y=\"1\" width=\"81.438\" height=\"50\" fill=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/rect><\/clipPath><\/defs><g id=\"Gruppe_2445\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2445\"><path id=\"Pfad_2793\" data-name=\"Pfad 2793\" d=\"M1.28,1l15.739,49.91v.09s65.7,0,65.7,0L67.02,1.207v-.207s-65.739,0-65.739,0Z\" fill=\"#005ca6\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><g id=\"Gruppe_2426\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2426\"><g clip-path=\"url(#clippath)\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2425\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2425\"><path id=\"Pfad_2794\" data-name=\"Pfad 2794\" d=\"M26.165,25.35c-.418.419-.418,1.098,0,1.517l8.734,8.733c.421.42,1.103.419,1.523-.002s.419-1.103-.002-1.523l-6.9-6.9h22.878c.593,0,1.073-.481,1.073-1.073,0-.593-.481-1.073-1.073-1.073h-22.878s6.9-6.9,6.9-6.9c.419-.42.418-1.1-.001-1.518-.42-.419-1.1-.418-1.519.002l-8.478,8.475-.257.257\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Nast\u0119pny\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 84 52\"><defs><clipPath id=\"clippath\"><rect x=\"1.28\" y=\"1\" width=\"81.438\" height=\"50\" fill=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/rect><\/clipPath><\/defs><g id=\"Gruppe_2445\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2445\"><path id=\"Pfad_2793\" data-name=\"Pfad 2793\" d=\"M16.98,1v.207L1.28,51h65.7v-.09L82.72,1H16.98Z\" fill=\"#005ca6\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><g id=\"Gruppe_2426\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2426\"><g clip-path=\"url(#clippath)\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2425\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2425\"><path id=\"Pfad_2794\" data-name=\"Pfad 2794\" d=\"M57.835,25.344l-.257-.257-8.478-8.475c-.419-.42-1.099-.42-1.519-.002-.42.419-.42,1.099-.001,1.518l6.9,6.9h-22.878c-.593,0-1.073.48-1.073,1.073,0,.593.48,1.073,1.073,1.073h22.878l-6.9,6.9c-.421.42-.422,1.102-.002,1.523s1.102.422,1.523.002l8.734-8.733c.418-.419.418-1.098,0-1.517\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47098d elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"d47098d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"aplikacja\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25525173 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"25525173\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59fabc3e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59fabc3e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69437f31 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"69437f31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Przyk\u0142ad praktyczny: Transport termiczny w materia\u0142ach o strukturze nanometrycznej<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2031aaa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2031aaa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8985d47 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8985d47\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea6209e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea6209e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stabilno\u015b\u0107 termiczna enkapsulowanego nanokompozytu mocznikowo-kaolinitowego<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3b5194 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c3b5194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"502\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/STA-L82_Thermal-Stability-of-an-Encapsulated-Urea-Kaolinite-Nanocomposite-1024x642.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151714\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/STA-L82_Thermal-Stability-of-an-Encapsulated-Urea-Kaolinite-Nanocomposite-1024x642.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/STA-L82_Thermal-Stability-of-an-Encapsulated-Urea-Kaolinite-Nanocomposite-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/STA-L82_Thermal-Stability-of-an-Encapsulated-Urea-Kaolinite-Nanocomposite-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/STA-L82_Thermal-Stability-of-an-Encapsulated-Urea-Kaolinite-Nanocomposite-1536x963.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/STA-L82_Thermal-Stability-of-an-Encapsulated-Urea-Kaolinite-Nanocomposite-2048x1284.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a1dba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29a1dba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pomiary TG-DTG przy u\u017cyciu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/urz\u0105dzenia\/analiza-termiczna\/sta-jednoczesna-analiza-termiczna\/sta-l82\/\"><strong data-start=\"2381\" data-end=\"2400\">LINSEIS STA L82<\/strong><\/a> wykazuj\u0105 charakterystyczne etapy rozk\u0142adu nanokompozytu mocznika i kaolinitu, enkapsulowanego gum\u0105 arabsk\u0105, przeznaczonego do nawoz\u00f3w o kontrolowanym uwalnianiu. Pomiar rozr\u00f3\u017cnia utrat\u0119 wilgoci i wody, rozpad pow\u0142oki oraz dehydroksylacj\u0119 kaolinitu, dostarczaj\u0105c w ten spos\u00f3b wa\u017cnych informacji na temat stabilno\u015bci termicznej preparatu. Pobierz dokument i dowiedz si\u0119 wi\u0119cej o konfiguracji pomiarowej, procesach rozk\u0142adu oraz interpretacji wynik\u00f3w pomiar\u00f3w.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e934261 elementor-button-align-stretch elementor-widget elementor-widget-form\" data-id=\"e934261\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;step_next_label&quot;:&quot;Nast\\u0119pny&quot;,&quot;step_previous_label&quot;:&quot;Poprzedni&quot;,&quot;button_width&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;step_type&quot;:&quot;number_text&quot;,&quot;step_icon_shape&quot;:&quot;circle&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"form.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <input type=\"hidden\" class=\"conditional_logic_data_js hidden\" data-form-id=\"Nanotechnologia \u2013 dokument koncepcyjny\" value=\"[]\" \/>\r\n\t\t<form class=\"elementor-form\" method=\"post\" name=\"Nanotechnologia \u2013 dokument koncepcyjny\" aria-label=\"Nanotechnologia \u2013 dokument koncepcyjny\">\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"post_id\" value=\"151912\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"form_id\" value=\"e934261\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"referer_title\" value=\"Nanotechnologia | Termiczna i elektryczna analiza materia\u0142\u00f3w\" \/>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"queried_id\" value=\"151912\"\/>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-form-fields-wrapper elementor-labels-above\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-text elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-name elementor-col-100 elementor-field-required elementor-mark-required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-name\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNazwa\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"text\" name=\"form_fields[name]\" id=\"form-field-name\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Nazwa\" required=\"required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-text elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_f8bf5d1 elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_f8bf5d1\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFirma\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"text\" name=\"form_fields[field_f8bf5d1]\" id=\"form-field-field_f8bf5d1\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Firma\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-email elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-email elementor-col-100 elementor-field-required elementor-mark-required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-email\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\te-mail\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"email\" name=\"form_fields[email]\" id=\"form-field-email\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"e-mail\" required=\"required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-acceptance elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_8bca608 elementor-col-100 elementor-field-required elementor-mark-required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_8bca608\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOchrona danych\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-subgroup\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-field-option\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"form_fields[field_8bca608]\" id=\"form-field-field_8bca608\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-acceptance-field\" required=\"required\">\n\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_8bca608\">Zapozna\u0142em si\u0119 z <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/ochrona-danych\/\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">polityk\u0105 prywatno\u015bci<\/a> i wyra\u017cam zgod\u0119 na przetwarzanie moich danych w celu udost\u0119pnienia mi dokumentu informacyjnego oraz na kontakt ze mn\u0105 przez firm\u0119 Linseis Messger\u00e4te GmbH za po\u015brednictwem poczty elektronicznej. Mog\u0119 w ka\u017cdej chwili wycofa\u0107 swoj\u0105 zgod\u0119. \n<\/label><\/label>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-type-submit elementor-col-100 e-form__buttons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-sm\" type=\"submit\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Pobierz dokument techniczny<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54c0b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a54c0b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5de577e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5de577e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-section-id=\"1l151lx\" data-start=\"9180\" data-end=\"9246\">Dlaczego charakterystyka nanomateria\u0142\u00f3w ma kluczowe znaczenie<\/h3><p data-start=\"9248\" data-end=\"9584\">W skali nanometrowej w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci materia\u0142\u00f3w mog\u0105 znacznie r\u00f3\u017cni\u0107 si\u0119 od w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci materia\u0142\u00f3w makroskopowych. Du\u017cy stosunek powierzchni do obj\u0119to\u015bci, liczne powierzchnie graniczne oraz zmienione mechanizmy transportu sprawiaj\u0105, \u017ce klasyczne parametry obj\u0119to\u015bciowe cz\u0119sto nie wystarczaj\u0105 do opisania rzeczywistego zachowania materia\u0142u. <\/p><p data-start=\"9586\" data-end=\"9766\">Precyzyjna charakterystyka termiczna i elektryczna zapewnia niezb\u0119dn\u0105 baz\u0119 danych, pozwalaj\u0105c\u0105 zrozumie\u0107 te zjawiska i wykorzysta\u0107 je do opracowywania nowych materia\u0142\u00f3w.<\/p><p data-start=\"9768\" data-end=\"9821\">Po\u0142\u0105czenie nowoczesnych metod analitycznych pozwala na:<\/p><ul data-start=\"9823\" data-end=\"10411\"><li data-section-id=\"15gajd6\" data-start=\"9823\" data-end=\"9881\">Charakterystyka przenoszenia ciep\u0142a w nanomateria\u0142ach<\/li><li data-section-id=\"iybuc5\" data-start=\"9882\" data-end=\"9945\">Okre\u015blanie przewodno\u015bci cieplnej i przewodno\u015bci temperaturowej<\/li><li data-section-id=\"kff0sz\" data-start=\"9946\" data-end=\"9993\">Badanie efekt\u00f3w mi\u0119dzyfazowych w nanoskali<\/li><li data-section-id=\"dnls8h\" data-start=\"9994\" data-end=\"10041\">Analiza anizotropowych w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci termicznych<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1sfcpdl\" data-start=\"10042\" data-end=\"10090\">Okre\u015blanie w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci transportu elektrycznego<\/li><li data-section-id=\"143tvth\" data-start=\"10091\" data-end=\"10155\">Charakterystyka st\u0119\u017cenia no\u015bnik\u00f3w \u0142adunku i ich ruchliwo\u015bci<\/li><li data-section-id=\"167n9ov\" data-start=\"10156\" data-end=\"10203\">Badanie w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci termoelektrycznych<\/li><li data-section-id=\"glaen8\" data-start=\"10204\" data-end=\"10242\">Ocena stabilno\u015bci termicznej<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1g7z18a\" data-start=\"10243\" data-end=\"10285\">Por\u00f3wnanie materia\u0142\u00f3w nanometrycznych i masowych<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1ej4q8h\" data-start=\"10286\" data-end=\"10352\">Badanie wp\u0142ywu nanostruktur i nanocz\u0105stek<\/li><li data-section-id=\"j0x3ys\" data-start=\"10353\" data-end=\"10411\">Opracowywanie i optymalizacja nanomateria\u0142\u00f3w funkcjonalnych<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b842f32 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b842f32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-324c8de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"324c8de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd2b4be elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd2b4be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aplikacje \u2013 nowe technologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-665adb1 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"665adb1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2438832f elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-carousel\" data-id=\"2438832f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;template_id&quot;:109266,&quot;image_spacing_custom&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;_skin&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;slides_to_show_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;slides_to_show_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slides_to_scroll&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;edit_handle_selector&quot;:&quot;.elementor-loop-container&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;offset_sides&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;arrows&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;image_spacing_custom_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;image_spacing_custom_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"loop-carousel.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-loop-nothing-found-message\">\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c7478 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"46c7478\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d1999 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"91d1999\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"faq\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd91a22 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dd91a22\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47736ed elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"47736ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Najcz\u0119\u015bciej zadawane pytania \u2013 nanotechnologia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bcf90b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0bcf90b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-535ac69 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"535ac69\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e716a elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"b7e716a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1920\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1920\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Dlaczego nanomateria\u0142y maj\u0105 inne w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci ni\u017c materia\u0142y w postaci masowej? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1920\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4df7610 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4df7610\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1920\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5afe950 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5afe950\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4b48a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4b48a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"7703\" data-end=\"7820\">Wraz ze zmniejszaniem si\u0119 rozmiar\u00f3w struktury stosunek powierzchni do obj\u0119to\u015bci znacznie wzrasta. Jednocze\u015bnie coraz wi\u0119kszego znaczenia nabieraj\u0105 powierzchnie graniczne i mechanizmy transportu zale\u017cne od rozmiaru. W zwi\u0105zku z tym w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci termiczne i elektryczne mog\u0105 znacznie r\u00f3\u017cni\u0107 si\u0119 od w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci odpowiadaj\u0105cego im materia\u0142u masowego.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1921\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1921\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Jakie nanomateria\u0142y mo\u017cna bada\u0107 za pomoc\u0105 system\u00f3w LINSEIS? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1921\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b0dfe6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b0dfe6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1921\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5366d3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f5366d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae41e03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae41e03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"11319\" data-end=\"11543\">W zale\u017cno\u015bci od metody pomiarowej mo\u017cna scharakteryzowa\u0107 mi\u0119dzy innymi nanocz\u0105stki i nanoproszki, nanostrukturalne materia\u0142y masowe, nanokompozyty, materia\u0142y p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikowe, a tak\u017ce warstwy funkcjonalne w nanoskali oraz systemy wielowarstwowe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1922\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1922\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Dlaczego przewodno\u015b\u0107 cieplna nanomateria\u0142\u00f3w budzi szczeg\u00f3lne zainteresowanie? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1922\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b60d937 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b60d937\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1922\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fa385b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0fa385b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-170e736 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"170e736\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"11996\" data-end=\"12264\">Struktury w nanoskali mog\u0105 w spos\u00f3b ukierunkowany wp\u0142ywa\u0107 na przenoszenie ciep\u0142a. Jest to interesuj\u0105ce na przyk\u0142ad w przypadku materia\u0142\u00f3w termoelektrycznych, w kt\u00f3rych niska przewodno\u015b\u0107 cieplna mo\u017ce by\u0107 korzystna, lub w zastosowaniach elektronicznych, gdzie konieczne jest jak najskuteczniejsze odprowadzanie ciep\u0142a. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1923\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1923\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Jak\u0105 rol\u0119 odgrywaj\u0105 powierzchnie mi\u0119dzyfazowe w nanomateria\u0142ach? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1923\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb1dc9e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fb1dc9e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf3966 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7cf3966\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"11996\" data-end=\"12264\">Ze wzgl\u0119du na niewielkie rozmiary strukturalne nanomateria\u0142y mog\u0105 charakteryzowa\u0107 si\u0119 bardzo du\u017c\u0105 g\u0119sto\u015bci\u0105 powierzchni granicznych. Wp\u0142ywaj\u0105 one na transport ciep\u0142a i \u0142adunku elektrycznego, a tym samym mog\u0105 w znacznym stopniu determinowa\u0107 w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci makroskopowe ca\u0142ego materia\u0142u. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1924\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1924\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Jakie w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci elektryczne nanomateria\u0142\u00f3w mo\u017cna bada\u0107? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1924\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-885fa76 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"885fa76\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e80fc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e80fc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"12355\" data-end=\"12641\">Za pomoc\u0105 odpowiednich metod pomiarowych mo\u017cna okre\u015bli\u0107 na przyk\u0142ad op\u00f3r elektryczny, wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik Halla, st\u0119\u017cenie no\u015bnik\u00f3w \u0142adunku, ruchliwo\u015b\u0107 oraz wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik Seebecka. Parametry te maj\u0105 szczeg\u00f3lne znaczenie w przypadku p\u00f3\u0142przewodnik\u00f3w, materia\u0142\u00f3w termoelektrycznych i innych funkcjonalnych nanomateria\u0142\u00f3w. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1925\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1925\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Jakie metody pomiarowe nadaj\u0105 si\u0119 do charakterystyki termicznej nanomateria\u0142\u00f3w? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1925\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af4b751 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"af4b751\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c081199 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c081199\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"12742\" data-end=\"13094\">Wyb\u00f3r odpowiedniej metody zale\u017cy w du\u017cym stopniu od postaci materia\u0142u. W przypadku warstw i granic faz w skali nano odpowiednie s\u0105 specjalistyczne metody cienkowarstwowe, takie jak FDTR i 3-Omega. Skonsolidowane nanostrukturalne materia\u0142y masowe mo\u017cna bada\u0107 na przyk\u0142ad za pomoc\u0105 LFA, natomiast STA dostarcza informacji na temat stabilno\u015bci termicznej i proces\u00f3w reakcyjnych.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1926\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1926\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Czym nanotechnologia r\u00f3\u017cni si\u0119 od analizy warstw cienkich? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1926\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98da85 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d98da85\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97ac772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97ac772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qMYqUG_convSearchResultHighlightRoot\"><div class=\"\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a3bbb1b-c78c-83eb-84b6-c49a16e3921c-3\" data-is-intersecting=\"true\"><section class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-6a3bbb1b-c78c-83eb-84b6-c49a16e3921c-3\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a3bbb1b-c78c-83eb-84b6-c49a16e3921c-3\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-72\" data-turn=\"assistant\"><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-8 [--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" data-conversation-screenshot-content=\"\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal outline-none keyboard-focused:focus-ring [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"0\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"d7f42399-07ac-4b66-9415-84eaf64b43b1\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-6\" data-turn-start-message=\"true\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden\"><div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert wrap-break-word w-full dark markdown-new-styling\"><p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"12651\" data-end=\"12985\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><strong data-start=\"13172\" data-end=\"13254\">Nanotechnologia odnosi si\u0119 przede wszystkim do skali wielko\u015bci strukturalnej materia\u0142u<\/strong>, podczas gdy analiza warstw cienkich skupia si\u0119 na materia\u0142ach o niewielkiej grubo\u015bci warstwy. Warstwa cienka mo\u017ce mie\u0107 wymiary w skali nano, ale nie musi. Z drugiej strony nanomateria\u0142y mog\u0105 wyst\u0119powa\u0107 na przyk\u0142ad w postaci nanocz\u0105stek, nanoproszk\u00f3w lub nanostrukturalnych materia\u0142\u00f3w masowych i nie musz\u0105 by\u0107 warstwami cienkimi.  <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Dlaczego nanomateria\\u0142y maj\\u0105 inne w\\u0142a\\u015bciwo\\u015bci ni\\u017c materia\\u0142y w postaci masowej?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Wraz ze zmniejszaniem si\\u0119 rozmiar\\u00f3w struktury stosunek powierzchni do obj\\u0119to\\u015bci znacznie wzrasta. Jednocze\\u015bnie coraz wi\\u0119kszego znaczenia nabieraj\\u0105 powierzchnie graniczne i mechanizmy transportu zale\\u017cne od rozmiaru. W zwi\\u0105zku z tym w\\u0142a\\u015bciwo\\u015bci termiczne i elektryczne mog\\u0105 znacznie r\\u00f3\\u017cni\\u0107 si\\u0119 od w\\u0142a\\u015bciwo\\u015bci odpowiadaj\\u0105cego im materia\\u0142u masowego.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Jakie nanomateria\\u0142y mo\\u017cna bada\\u0107 za pomoc\\u0105 system\\u00f3w LINSEIS?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"W zale\\u017cno\\u015bci od metody pomiarowej mo\\u017cna scharakteryzowa\\u0107 mi\\u0119dzy innymi nanocz\\u0105stki i nanoproszki, nanostrukturalne materia\\u0142y masowe, nanokompozyty, materia\\u0142y p\\u00f3\\u0142przewodnikowe, a tak\\u017ce warstwy funkcjonalne w nanoskali oraz systemy wielowarstwowe.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Dlaczego przewodno\\u015b\\u0107 cieplna nanomateria\\u0142\\u00f3w budzi szczeg\\u00f3lne zainteresowanie?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Struktury w nanoskali mog\\u0105 w spos\\u00f3b ukierunkowany wp\\u0142ywa\\u0107 na przenoszenie ciep\\u0142a. Jest to interesuj\\u0105ce na przyk\\u0142ad w przypadku materia\\u0142\\u00f3w termoelektrycznych, w kt\\u00f3rych niska przewodno\\u015b\\u0107 cieplna mo\\u017ce by\\u0107 korzystna, lub w zastosowaniach elektronicznych, gdzie konieczne jest jak najskuteczniejsze odprowadzanie ciep\\u0142a.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Jak\\u0105 rol\\u0119 odgrywaj\\u0105 powierzchnie mi\\u0119dzyfazowe w nanomateria\\u0142ach?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ze wzgl\\u0119du na niewielkie rozmiary strukturalne nanomateria\\u0142y mog\\u0105 charakteryzowa\\u0107 si\\u0119 bardzo du\\u017c\\u0105 g\\u0119sto\\u015bci\\u0105 powierzchni granicznych. Wp\\u0142ywaj\\u0105 one na transport ciep\\u0142a i \\u0142adunku elektrycznego, a tym samym mog\\u0105 w znacznym stopniu determinowa\\u0107 w\\u0142a\\u015bciwo\\u015bci makroskopowe ca\\u0142ego materia\\u0142u.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Jakie w\\u0142a\\u015bciwo\\u015bci elektryczne nanomateria\\u0142\\u00f3w mo\\u017cna bada\\u0107?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Za pomoc\\u0105 odpowiednich metod pomiarowych mo\\u017cna okre\\u015bli\\u0107 na przyk\\u0142ad op\\u00f3r elektryczny, wsp\\u00f3\\u0142czynnik Halla, st\\u0119\\u017cenie no\\u015bnik\\u00f3w \\u0142adunku, ruchliwo\\u015b\\u0107 oraz wsp\\u00f3\\u0142czynnik Seebecka. Parametry te maj\\u0105 szczeg\\u00f3lne znaczenie w przypadku p\\u00f3\\u0142przewodnik\\u00f3w, materia\\u0142\\u00f3w termoelektrycznych i innych funkcjonalnych nanomateria\\u0142\\u00f3w.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Jakie metody pomiarowe nadaj\\u0105 si\\u0119 do charakterystyki termicznej nanomateria\\u0142\\u00f3w?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Wyb\\u00f3r odpowiedniej metody zale\\u017cy w du\\u017cym stopniu od postaci materia\\u0142u. W przypadku warstw i granic faz w skali nano odpowiednie s\\u0105 specjalistyczne metody cienkowarstwowe, takie jak FDTR i 3-Omega. Skonsolidowane nanostrukturalne materia\\u0142y masowe mo\\u017cna bada\\u0107 na przyk\\u0142ad za pomoc\\u0105 LFA, natomiast STA dostarcza informacji na temat stabilno\\u015bci termicznej i proces\\u00f3w reakcyjnych.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Czym nanotechnologia r\\u00f3\\u017cni si\\u0119 od analizy warstw cienkich?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Nanotechnologia odnosi si\\u0119 przede wszystkim do skali wielko\\u015bci strukturalnej materia\\u0142u, podczas gdy analiza warstw cienkich skupia si\\u0119 na materia\\u0142ach o niewielkiej grubo\\u015bci warstwy. Warstwa cienka mo\\u017ce mie\\u0107 wymiary w skali nano, ale nie musi. Z drugiej strony nanomateria\\u0142y mog\\u0105 wyst\\u0119powa\\u0107 na przyk\\u0142ad w postaci nanocz\\u0105stek, nanoproszk\\u00f3w lub nanostrukturalnych materia\\u0142\\u00f3w masowych i nie musz\\u0105 by\\u0107 warstwami cienkimi.\"}}]}<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":151712,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[948,642],"class_list":["post-151912","applikationen","type-applikationen","status-publish","hentry","category-nowe-technologie","category-zastosowania"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/applikationen\/151912","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/applikationen"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/applikationen"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/applikationen\/151912\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/applikationen\/151712"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=151912"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=151912"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}