{"id":95703,"date":"2025-08-26T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-08-26T06:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/?p=95703"},"modified":"2025-12-19T09:19:07","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T08:19:07","slug":"thermodynamics-meets-biopharma-why-itc-is-becoming-increasingly-relevant-for-laboratories","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wiki\/thermodynamics-meets-biopharma-why-itc-is-becoming-increasingly-relevant-for-laboratories\/","title":{"rendered":"Thermodynamics meets biopharma &#8211; Why ITC is becoming increasingly relevant for laboratories"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"95703\" class=\"elementor elementor-95703 elementor-95686\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57b4747 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"57b4747\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fe42cb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fe42cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa11874 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aa11874\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c989c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c989c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6ae84c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e6ae84c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b1d688 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8b1d688\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f88904 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"4f88904\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__4f88904\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__4f88904\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__4f88904\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a92670d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a92670d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04a345c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"04a345c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preamble<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b22fc03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b22fc03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In preclinical drug development, everything revolves around understanding molecular interactions. Whether <b>protein-ligand complexes<\/b>, <b>antibody-antigen binding<\/b> or <b>enzyme-inhibitor interactions<\/b> &#8211; for the selection and optimization of biopharmaceutical active ingredients, it is not just whether a molecule binds, but how well, how strongly and why it binds. <\/p><p>This is exactly where <b>isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)<\/b> comes into play: a label-free method that works in solution to determine binding affinity, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/properties\/enthalpy\/\" data-auto-event-observed=\"true\"><strong>enthalpy (\u0394H)<\/strong><\/a>entropy (\u0394S), free energy (\u0394G) and stoichiometry can be determined in a single experiment. It makes it possible to characterize interactions not only qualitatively, but also completely thermodynamically &#8211; and under almost physiological conditions.<\/p><p>For laboratory staff involved in the characterization of biologics, peptide therapeutics or recombinant proteins, <b>ITC <\/b>is a powerful tool. In early screening phases, it allows the rapid identification of binding-active molecules. Later, it helps to optimize formulations, validate buffer systems or evaluate critical stability parameters.  <\/p><p>This article is aimed at anyone working on biopharmaceutical active ingredients in the laboratory &#8211; whether in universities, start-ups or established pharmaceutical companies. We show how ITC works, when it is superior to other methods and what you need to look out for to get the best out of every experiment. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a3bb73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2a3bb73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How ITC works - and why it is crucial<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9873860 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9873860\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)<\/b> is one of the few biophysical methods that directly measures the heat released or absorbed when two molecules bind. In contrast to spectroscopic or label-based methods such as SPR (surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy) or MST (microscale thermophoresis), <b>ITC <\/b>works completely label-free and in solution, which makes it particularly attractive for sensitive or native samples. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7e2d86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d7e2d86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What happens in the measuring cylinder?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30a2ec8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30a2ec8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The principle is simple but powerful: the analyte molecule (e.g. a protein) is dissolved in a highly sensitive calorimeter cell. The ligand molecule (e.g. an inhibitor or antigen) is titrated via a fine syringe &#8211; usually in 10-20 small injections. Each time molecules bind, heat is released or absorbed. This heat is measured by the device as a thermal pulse.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b7eba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4b7eba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What does the ITC actually deliver?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b992738 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b992738\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A binding curve is calculated from the heat flows for each injection. This results in <\/p><ul><li><strong>Binding constant (K)<\/strong>: Indicates how strong the bond is.<\/li><li><strong>Enthalpy change (\u0394H)<\/strong>: Shows whether the bond is exothermic or endothermic.<\/li><li><strong>Entropy change (\u0394S)<\/strong>: Provides information about order changes in the system.<\/li><li><strong>Free energy (\u0394G)<\/strong>: The combined thermodynamic expression of the bond.<\/li><li><strong>Stoichiometry parameter (n)<\/strong>: How many ligands bind per target molecule?<\/li><\/ul><p>These parameters not only help to identify hit or lead molecules, but also provide information on whether the bond is entropy or enthalpy driven, which is crucial for subsequent optimization. In its combination of informative value, simplicity and physical directness, <b>ITC <\/b>is one of the most robust methods for characterizing molecular binding &#8211; especially where understanding the energetic basis counts. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e9dd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b7e9dd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ITC in use: typical applications in biopharmaceuticals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfaba7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfaba7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For many in the laboratory, the question arises: When is the use of <b>ITC <\/b>really worthwhile?<\/p><p>The answer: Whenever the aim is not only to detect bonds, but to understand them in detail. Isothermal titration calorimetry not only provides values for the binding constants for biopharmaceutical issues, but also offers deep thermodynamic insights that are crucial for the characterization and optimization of active ingredients. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72b3d3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72b3d3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protein-ligand interactions: The classic<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cca05d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cca05d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In early drug research in particular, the aim is to identify binding partners, quantify their affinity and decide whether a lead structure has potential. The <b>ITC <\/b>can be used to: <\/p><ul><li>Test small molecules (e.g. inhibitors) against enzymes or transport proteins<\/li><li>Investigating peptide active ingredients and their target binding<\/li><li>Detecting conformational changes during binding energetically<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ba7a57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ba7a57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antibody-antigen interactions: Understanding affinity, not just measuring it<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77b32c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"77b32c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The method delivers results for solids and liquids as well as powders and pastes with high measurement accuracy, which makes it particularly valuable for the development of innovative electrode materials.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be0b508 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"be0b508\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Material-specific considerations and ageing effects<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4451a72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4451a72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>ITC <\/b>is a valuable addition to the development of antibody-based therapeutics:<\/p><ul><li>Precise measurement of bond enthalpy and entropy (\u2192 thermodynamic fingerprints)<\/li><li>Assessment of stoichiometry (e.g. monovalent vs. bivalent binding)<\/li><li>Comparison of native and modified antibody variants in buffer or serum<\/li><\/ul><p>This not only enables the selection of the best binding candidates, but also allows conclusions to be drawn about epitopes and binding mechanisms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e16a591 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e16a591\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formulation development: buffer screening and stability analyses<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b94fc90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b94fc90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>ITC <\/b>can also be informative without ligand binding &#8211; for example for analysis:<\/p><ul><li>Buffer selection (e.g. whether a buffer itself interacts with the protein)<\/li><li>of thermal stability via so-called &#8220;heat of dilution&#8221; experiments<\/li><li>of self-associating systems (e.g. aggregation, dimerization).<\/li><\/ul><p>An example from practice:  <strong> <\/strong>In one study, <b>ITC <\/b>was used to test recombinant proteins in different formulations. This revealed not only differences in binding affinity, but also indications of structural instabilities &#8211; long before visible aggregations occurred. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d90305 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8d90305\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00f172b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"00f172b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-260a773 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"260a773\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>ITC <\/b>provides precise, robust and in-depth data that traditional methods often do not offer, or only indirectly. For laboratory users, this means: a tool that saves time, secures experiments and enables well-founded decisions. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3e594d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a3e594d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efce10d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"efce10d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Bibliography<\/strong><\/p><p>[1] V. Linkuviene, G. Krainer, W.-Y. Chen, D. Matulis, Isothermal titration calorimetry for drug design: Precision of the enthalpy and binding constant measurements and comparison of the instruments, Analytical Biochemistry 515, 61-64, 2016<\/p><p>[2] H. Su, Y. Xu, Application of ITC-Based Characterization of Thermodynamic and Kinetic Association of Ligands With Proteins in Drug Design, Frontiers in Pharmacology 9, 1133, 2018<\/p><p>[3] L. Baranauskiene, T.-C. Kuo, W.-Y. Chen, D. Matulis, Isothermal titration calorimetry for characterization of recombinant proteins, Current Opinion in Biotechnology 55, 9-15, 2019<\/p><p>[4] N. L. Traulsen, Thermodynamic analysis of supramolecules by isothermal titration calorimetry, dissertation, 2015, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In preclinical drug development, everything revolves around understanding molecular interactions. Whether protein-ligand complexes, antibody-antigen binding or enzyme-inhibitor interactions &#8211; for the selection and optimization of biopharmaceutical active ingredients, it is not just whether a molecule binds, but how well, how strongly and why it binds. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":95690,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-95703","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wiki"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/95703","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=95703"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/95703\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/95690"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=95703"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=95703"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=95703"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}