{"id":23352,"date":"2024-07-18T13:14:57","date_gmt":"2024-07-18T11:14:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/what-happens-during-crystallization-tc\/"},"modified":"2024-09-13T15:23:49","modified_gmt":"2024-09-13T13:23:49","slug":"what-happens-during-crystallization-tc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wiki\/what-happens-during-crystallization-tc\/","title":{"rendered":"What happens during Crystallization (Tc)?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"23352\" class=\"elementor elementor-23352 elementor-13024\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eb8745 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9eb8745\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dac224 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"5dac224\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__5dac224\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__5dac224\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__5dac224\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffaef65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffaef65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Crystallization describes the transition of a substance into a crystalline state. This can occur from the gas phase, solid phase or liquid phase. Atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a clearly defined crystal lattice with minimum energy states.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1056854 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1056854\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Scientific definition<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ca652f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ca652f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Crystallization, both in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/applications\/metals-alloys-industry\/\"><strong>metallurgy<\/strong><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/applications\/ceramics-and-glass-industry\/\"><strong>glass ceramics<\/strong><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/applications\/polymers\/\"><strong>polymers<\/strong><\/a>, is the process in the cooling process where crystallites form, either by themselves or by added nucleating agents and impurities.<\/p><p>Here, due to the main application of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/differential-scanning-calorimeter-dsc\/\"><strong>DSC<\/strong><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wiki\/crystallization-and-recrystallization-of-polymers\/\"><strong>crystallization<\/strong><\/a> in polymers that form a crystal structure through regions of long-range order. Previously, these molecular chains existed in a disordered amorphous state.<\/p><p>In addition to the crystallization nuclei, the <strong>prerequisite<\/strong> <strong>for<\/strong> <strong>crystallization<\/strong> is a melt and, consequently, a sufficiently high temperature. The slower the cooling, the better the crystallization can be detected. This gives the corresponding <strong>molecular<\/strong> <strong>chains<\/strong> more time to orient themselves.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a068cad elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a068cad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recrystallization<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d3ef0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d3ef0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>However, crystallization can also be caused by stretching due to <strong>mechanical<\/strong> <strong>influences<\/strong> in a cold state. On reheating, recrystallization can occur. <strong>This<\/strong> <strong>recrystallization,<\/strong> <strong>also<\/strong> <strong>called<\/strong> <strong>cold<\/strong> <strong>crystallization<\/strong>, occurs between the glass transition temperature and the melting of the polymer.<\/p>\n<p>The cause of this exothermic reaction is the further orientation of the chains as a result of the softening of the material after the glass transition point. The softening allows the molecular chains to vibrate better and subsequently orient themselves to form crystals. <strong>In<\/strong> <strong>the<\/strong> <strong>process,<\/strong> <strong>new<\/strong> <strong>crystallization<\/strong> <strong>nuclei<\/strong> <strong>can<\/strong> <strong>be<\/strong> <strong>formed<\/strong> <strong>as<\/strong> <strong>well<\/strong> <strong>as<\/strong> <strong>existing<\/strong> <strong>crystal<\/strong> <strong>grains<\/strong> <strong>can<\/strong> <strong>grow.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21e78c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"21e78c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practical application<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bbe04b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7bbe04b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecbb7b8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ecbb7b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee669ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee669ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>In<\/strong> <strong>daily<\/strong> <strong>practice<\/strong> <strong>of<\/strong> <strong>DSC<\/strong> <strong>measurement,<\/strong> <strong>crystallization<\/strong> <strong>manifests<\/strong> <strong>itself<\/strong> <strong>as<\/strong> <strong>an<\/strong> <strong>exothermic<\/strong> <strong>peak.<\/strong> <strong>Crystallinity,<\/strong> <strong>degree<\/strong> <strong>of<\/strong> <strong>crystallization<\/strong> <strong>and<\/strong> <strong>degree<\/strong> <strong>of crystallinity<\/strong> are used synonymously in the technical literature and indicate <strong>the<\/strong> <strong>percentage<\/strong> <strong>of<\/strong> <strong>the<\/strong> <strong>polymer<\/strong> <strong>that<\/strong> <strong>is<\/strong> <strong>crystalline<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In practice, completely crystalline polymers are of little importance, since they can only be produced by elaborate annealing <strong>just<\/strong> <strong>below<\/strong> <strong>the<\/strong> <strong>melting<\/strong> <strong>temperature<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03d7300 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"03d7300\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd844a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cd844a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"672\" height=\"448\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Chip_DSC10_Quenche_Detail_3_04_compressed.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-13051\" alt=\"Chip_DSC10\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Chip_DSC10_Quenche_Detail_3_04_compressed.png 672w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Chip_DSC10_Quenche_Detail_3_04_compressed-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02bd6d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02bd6d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Determination of crystallinity<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daa4bd0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"daa4bd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K\u00a0= degree of crystallinity<\/p>\n<p>\u2206H\u00a0= enthalpy<\/p>\n<p>\u2206HC\u00a0= enthalpy of crystallization<\/p>\n<p>\u2206Hlit\u00a0= literature value of enthalpy<\/p>\n<p>\u2206HM\u00a0= enthalpy of melt<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-592723a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"592723a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A prerequisite for\u00a0<strong>determining the degree of crystallinity<\/strong>\u00a0is knowledge of the\u00a0<strong>theoretical enthalpy of fusion<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>\u2206H<sub>lit<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0for completely crystalline material, according to:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9483b1 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9483b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K=\u2206HM\/\u2206Hlit \u2219100<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79a965d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79a965d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>the\u00a0<strong>degree of crystallinity can be calculated in percent.<\/strong>\u00a0By\u00a0<strong>heating the sample for a second time<\/strong>, it can thus be determined to what extent the crystallinity for this sample was influenced by the thermal and mechanical history.\u00a0<strong>If a recrystallization peak occurs during the heating process<\/strong>, it is subtracted from the enthalpy of fusion and the result is divided by the associated literature value. This can be summarized by:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccfc4b3 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccfc4b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K=(\u2206HM\u2013\u2206HC)\/\u2206Hlit \u2219100<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b90b023 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b90b023\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"414\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Tc-1024x530-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-13105\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Tc-1024x530-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Tc-1024x530-1-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Tc-1024x530-1-768x398.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Cold crystallization with relevant temperatures<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4347eb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4347eb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Crystallization describes the transition of a substance into a crystalline state. This can occur from the gas phase, solid phase or liquid phase.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":13034,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23352","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wiki"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23352","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23352"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23352\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13034"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23352"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23352"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23352"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}