{"id":23243,"date":"2024-07-18T08:57:09","date_gmt":"2024-07-18T06:57:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/thermal-insulation-and-thermal-insulation-materials\/"},"modified":"2025-09-11T11:39:10","modified_gmt":"2025-09-11T09:39:10","slug":"thermal-insulation-and-thermal-insulation-materials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wiki\/thermal-insulation-and-thermal-insulation-materials\/","title":{"rendered":"Thermal insulation and thermal insulation materials &#8211; materials, practical knowledge, funding and future trends"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"23243\" class=\"elementor elementor-23243 elementor-11225\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eb8745 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9eb8745\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f91daa elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"8f91daa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__8f91daa\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__8f91daa\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__8f91daa\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5615b5 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f5615b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Basics of thermal insulation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32f28c0 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32f28c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thermal insulation means the targeted reduction of heat transfer between areas of different temperatures. Inside buildings, it protects against heat in summer and cold in winter. The largest investments are made in the building, packaging and industrial sectors, but clothing and animal fur also work according to the same principle. The aim is always to reduce heat conduction in particular, but also convection and radiation as much as possible.   <\/p><p>The most important parameter is the thermal conductivity (\u03bb, lambda) of a material. It indicates how easily heat is transported through a material. The lower the thermal conductivity \u03bb, the more effective the material is as an insulating material.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83061da elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"83061da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Thermal conductivity &amp; insulation materials in comparison<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4284805 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4284805\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/properties\/thermal-conductivity\/\"><strong>thermal conductivity<\/strong><\/a> describes how much heat flows through a material. Very low values (between 0.013 and 0.040 W\/m-K) are found in foams, mineral wool and aerogels. Stone, concrete or metal, on the other hand, insulate very poorly. The majority of common insulating materials (PUR, EPS, rock wool, glass wool) use air pockets (pores) to reduce the heat flow. Materials made from renewable raw materials such as wood fiber, hemp or cellulose are becoming increasingly popular as they offer additional ecological benefits (Verbraucherzentrale 2025)    <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89a534b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"89a534b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Examples of thermal conductivities and typical applications:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71799de elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"71799de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<table id=\"tablepress-238\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-238\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">insulation material<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Type<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">\u03bb value [W\/m\u00b7K]<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">Typical application<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">air<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">gas<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,026<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">window<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Polyurethane (PUR)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">rigid foam<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,025\u20130,030<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Plates, pipes, tanks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">EPS (styrofoam)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">polystyrene<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,030\u20130,040<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Facades, packaging<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">rock wool<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">mineral fiber<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,035\u20130,045<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Roofs, walls, facades<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">glass wool<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">mineral fiber<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,032\u20130,040<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Roofs, walls, facades<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">aerogel<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">high tech<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,013\u20130,020<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">Windows, special applications<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Wood fiber, hemp<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">natural fiber<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0,040\u20130,050<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">eco-construction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-238 from cache --><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4359b3 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c4359b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">U-value and R-value  <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72545da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"72545da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ec856 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93ec856\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/properties\/u-value\/\"><strong>U-value<\/strong><\/a> (heat transfer coefficient) is given in W\/m\u00b2-K. It describes how much heat energy is lost per second through one square meter of a building component when the temperature difference is 1 degree. A low U-value means good insulation.  <\/p><p>The thermal resistance or <strong>R-value<\/strong> (K-m\u00b2\/W) is the reciprocal of the heat transfer coefficient (U-value). It is calculated by dividing the thickness of a component in meters by its thermal conductivity. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-979f71c elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"979f71c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practical recommendation 2025:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-678871e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"678871e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1b6b4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1b6b4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>New exterior walls \u2264 0.24 W\/m\u00b2-K<\/li><li>Refurbishments often \u2264 0.20 W\/m\u00b2-K (Energy Experts 2025)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9241288 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9241288\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18fe7e6 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18fe7e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Example calculation:<\/strong><br>For a wall with 20 cm EPS insulation, \u03bb = 0.035 W\/m-K:<\/p><p>R = 0.20 m \/ 0.035 W\/mK = 5.71 K\u22c5m2\/W<\/p><p>U = <sup> R-1<\/sup> =0.18 W\/m2K  <\/p><p>Both current requirements are therefore fulfilled.<\/p><p>However, insulation with a glass wool thickness of 20 cm at \u03bb = 0.045 W\/m-K only meets the requirements for new external walls:<\/p><p>R = 0.20 m \/ 0.045 W\/mK = 4.44 K\u22c5m2\/W<\/p><p>U = <sup> R-1<\/sup> =0.23 W\/m2K  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-522dccf elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"522dccf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Areas of use and practical applications<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f5f7e2 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f5f7e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Construction &amp; renovation:<\/strong> Depending on requirements, EPS (polystyrene), PUR rigid foam and mineral wool are used in the construction industry. Modern renovations and new buildings are increasingly relying on ecological materials such as wood fiber or cellulose. Polyurethane foam dominates in the insulation of hot water pipes and tanks.  <\/p><p><strong>Packaging:<\/strong> For cold chains (food, vaccines, etc.), multi-layer insulation materials, thermofoils and vacuum technology are used.<\/p><p><strong>Clothing &amp; everyday life:<\/strong> High-quality winter clothing uses the insulating effect of the trapped air in fiber or down fillings. Animal fur, feathers and sandwich materials for sleeping mats also work on the same principle. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ee5a15 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9ee5a15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modern measuring methods<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e30738 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e30738\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/methods\/heat-flow-meter-method-hfm\/\">Heat Flow Meter (HFM)<\/a>:<\/strong> Measurement of the amount of heat flowing through a material sample at a defined temperature difference. Ideal for insulating panels and building materials &#8211; delivers reliable results relatively quickly for practical use and production. <\/p><p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/methods\/guarded-hot-plate-ghp\/\">Guarded Hot Plate (GHP)<\/a>:<\/strong> Reference method for maximum measurement accuracy. Particularly useful for exact comparative measurements or in research. This method is used in particular for high measuring temperatures.  <\/p><p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/methods\/transient-hot-bridge-thb\/\">Transient Hot Bridge (THB)<\/a>:<\/strong> This is by far the fastest measuring method and enables efficient testing of even small materials. Particularly useful for development and quality assurance. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00fb490 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"00fb490\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sustainable insulation materials &amp; eco trends<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d07eb1 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d07eb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sustainability is also a key trend in insulation materials. In addition to wood fibers, hemp, cellulose, cork and sheep&#8217;s wool, recyclable rigid foams are also being used. In addition to their insulating properties, characteristics such as carbon footprint, resource conservation and recyclability are playing an increasingly important role. The use of many ecological materials is subsidized by the state (Energy Experts 2025).   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cea6321 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cea6321\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31576f9 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31576f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Successful thermal insulation requires in-depth knowledge of materials, up-to-date knowledge of standards and the use of modern measurement methods. With ecological solutions, practical tables, scientific methodology and consideration of all legal framework conditions, high energy efficiency and sustainable building value can be ensured. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3eff21c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3eff21c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b739f4 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b739f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>List of sources<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>42Watt (2024): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.42watt.de\/magazin\/eu-sanierungspflicht\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EU refurbishment obligation<\/a><\/li><li>Consumer advice center (2025): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.verbraucherzentrale.de\/wissen\/energie\/energetische-sanierung\/oekologische-waermedaemmung-mit-alternativen-daemmstoffen-48066\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ecological thermal insulation with alternative insulation materials | Verbraucherzentrale.de<\/a><\/li><li>Energy experts (2025): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.energie-experten.org\/bauen-und-sanieren\/daemmung\/waermedaemmung\/foerderung-daemmung\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thermal insulation &#8211; funding &amp; materials<\/a><\/li><li>BAFA (2025): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bafa.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/DE\/Energie\/beg_infoblatt_foerderfaehige_kosten.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eligible costs &#8211; BEG<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abcbb2c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"abcbb2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe1eb96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fe1eb96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Whenever objects with different temperatures are in physical contact or are in the area of radiant influences, heat exchange takes place.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":11291,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23243","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wiki"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23243","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23243"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23243\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11291"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23243"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23243"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}