{"id":22755,"date":"2024-07-17T14:36:33","date_gmt":"2024-07-17T12:36:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/phase-change-analysis-with-dsc\/"},"modified":"2024-09-13T15:50:39","modified_gmt":"2024-09-13T13:50:39","slug":"phase-change-analysis-with-dsc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wiki\/phase-change-analysis-with-dsc\/","title":{"rendered":"Phase change analysis with DSC"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"22755\" class=\"elementor elementor-22755 elementor-9625\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eb8745 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9eb8745\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8660f60 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"8660f60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__8660f60\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__8660f60\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__8660f60\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a9139e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a9139e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Phases in material characterization<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffaef65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffaef65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Materials can be categorized and described in different ways. This can be done, for example, based on their external appearance, certain physical parameters, or even more subjective impressions, such as smell or taste.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac4d9b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac4d9b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Density, Hardness, Heat Capacity, or Conductivity<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-634e1ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"634e1ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To capture the chemical composition as precisely as possible, material properties that are clearly defined and measurable are usually described. Material constants such as density, hardness, heat capacity, or conductivity are often used for this purpose. These values are constant for most materials as long as the phase to which they refer is stable.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4a1d9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4a1d9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">State of Matter<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-380f1d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"380f1d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A phase is usually a homogeneous composition in the material. The term phase can refer to the <strong>state<\/strong> <strong>of<\/strong> <strong>matter<\/strong> (solid, liquid, or gaseous), but also to the <strong>crystal<\/strong> <strong>lattice<\/strong> <strong>structure<\/strong> within a certain zone in the solid or chemical modifications. It is important to note that a substance can exist in different phases at the same time.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a2a24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4a2a24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Determining Phase Transitions<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad0b472 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ad0b472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To know in which phase a material is currently in and thus when which parameters apply, it is particularly important to know and determine the <strong>phase<\/strong> <strong>transitions<\/strong> <strong>of<\/strong> <strong>a<\/strong> <strong>material<\/strong>. These usually occur when a certain temperature or energy level is reached or under the influence of pressure or chemical reactions.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a04fb3 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7a04fb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"334\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Aggregatzustaende-1024x427.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9636\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Aggregatzustaende-1024x427.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Aggregatzustaende-300x125.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Aggregatzustaende-768x320.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Aggregatzustaende.png 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Aggregate states and transitions between aggregate states<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83bbf82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"83bbf82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What phase transitions are there?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3a894e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3a894e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Since there are different definitions of phases (state of matter, crystal structure, modification, etc.), there are also different phase transitions. In the simplest case, a phase transition describes the pure change of a state of matter, e.g., from solid to liquid.<\/p><p>Phase transitions are usually classified according to the so-called <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phase_transition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Ehrenfest classification by Paul Ehrenfest<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p><p>In this context, thermodynamic quantities such as volume, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/properties\/enthalpy\/\"><strong>enthalpy<\/strong><\/a>, or entropy are usually considered as a function of temperature.<\/p><p>Phase transitions are then divided into so-called orders, where the nth order of the function of the considered quantity against temperature shows a discontinuity in the nth derivative. The function itself and the n-1th derivative are continuous. In practice, only phase transitions of the 1st and 2nd order are distinguished.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d803501 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d803501\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Examples of 1st order phase transitions are:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-739f5e1 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"739f5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Transformations between solid, liquid, and gaseous states of matter, in particular\n<ul>\n<li>Melting (transition from solid to liquid)<\/li>\n<li>Evaporating (transition from liquid to gaseous)<\/li>\n<li>Sublimating (transition from solid to gaseous)<\/li>\n<li>Solidifying or freezing (transition from liquid to solid)<\/li>\n<li>Condensing (transition from gaseous to liquid)<\/li>\n<li>Resublimating (transition from gaseous to solid)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9dfa9a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9dfa9a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Examples of 2nd order phase transitions are:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b777776 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b777776\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Change between ferro- and paramagnetic behavior at the critical or Curie temperature<\/li>\n<li>Change between different magnetic orders, e.g., from commensurate to incommensurate magnetic structure<\/li>\n<li>Change between ferro- and dielectric behavior<\/li>\n<li>Transition to superconductivity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3cb73f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e3cb73f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5abf3a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5abf3a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7177864 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7177864\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Typically, in a 1st order phase transition, there is a jump in the order parameter (e.g., density, entropy, free enthalpy). In 2nd order phase transitions, on the other hand, the transition in the order parameter is continuous. Only in the second derivative is there a sudden change, e.g., in heat capacity.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7cb526 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7cb526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How can I measure phase transitions?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4c8f75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f4c8f75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Phase transitions are usually measured in thermal analysis using a Dynamic Differential Calorimeter DDK (English <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/differential-scanning-calorimeter-dsc\/\"><strong>Differential Scanning Calorimeter \u2013 DSC<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p><p>If a substance shows a phase transition during measurement using DSC in the measured temperature range, for example, due to a change in the state of matter or the crystal structure, this can be well tracked using DSC. Most phase transitions are accompanied by energy absorption (endothermic) or release (exothermic), which can be detected as a change in heat flow.<\/p><p>The DSC measures these temperature changes through one or more thermocouples that are in contact with the sample holder, thus comparing the exact sample temperature with the ambient temperature and a reference sample. The exact heat flow of the sample at a given time can then be read from the difference between the reference and the sample. In the case of a difference in heat flow between the sample and the reference, the sign of the difference indicates whether an endothermic or exothermic process is taking place.<\/p><p>The position of the occurring effect when plotted against temperature also indicates very precisely when it occurs. The more precisely the exact sample temperature is measured, the better the resolution and sensitivity of the DSC.<\/p><p>For phase transitions, especially for second-order phase transitions, the heating rate is very crucial for how well the transition can be detected. If the heating rate is too slow, the effects are often hardly detectable, as the energy difference between the sample and the reference is compensated by the oven or heater. If heated too quickly, the effect becomes more visible but is also shifted to higher temperatures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8853745 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8853745\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is a phase transition &#8211; Materials can be categorized and described in different ways. This can be based on their external appearance, certain physical parameters or more subjective impressions such as smell or taste.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4428,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22755","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wiki"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22755","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22755"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22755\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4428"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22755"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22755"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22755"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}