{"id":21789,"date":"2024-07-16T14:34:38","date_gmt":"2024-07-16T12:34:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/oxidation\/"},"modified":"2024-09-17T15:41:45","modified_gmt":"2024-09-17T13:41:45","slug":"oxidation-induction-time","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wiki\/oxidation-induction-time\/","title":{"rendered":"Oxidation induction time and temperature"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"21789\" class=\"elementor elementor-21789 elementor-7639\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eb8745 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9eb8745\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a9139e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a9139e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oxidation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4058c67 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"4058c67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__4058c67\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__4058c67\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__4058c67\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffaef65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffaef65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Oxidation is a chemical process that takes place when electrons are lost from a molecule, atom, or ion. In the context of calorimetry, oxidation is often studied as the thermal analysis, where it refers to the burning or breaking down of substances, to release energy in the form of heat.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/differential-scanning-calorimeter-dsc\/\"><strong>Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)<\/strong><\/a> is a technique that can be used to characterize this process, as it measures the heat flow associated with the oxidation of a sample as it is heated or cooled. The principle behind measuring oxidation using DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) is based on the exothermic nature of oxidation reactions.<\/p><p>In DSC, oxidation can be studied isothermally or non-isothermally. For isothermal oxidation studies, the DSC crucible temperature is set at a constant temperature and the oxidation of the sample is monitored over time.<\/p><p>The onset of oxidation is typically indicated by the appearance of an exothermic peak in the DSC curve, which corresponds to the release of heat as the sample oxidizes. The time at which the exothermic peak appears is known as the oxidation induction time (OIT) and is a measure of the resistance of the sample to oxidation. The method is illustrated in Fig. 1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a04fb3 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7a04fb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"484\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Representation-of-an-oxidation-induction-time-measurement-01-1024x620.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7670\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Representation-of-an-oxidation-induction-time-measurement-01-1024x620.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Representation-of-an-oxidation-induction-time-measurement-01-300x182.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Representation-of-an-oxidation-induction-time-measurement-01-768x465.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Representation-of-an-oxidation-induction-time-measurement-01-1536x930.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Representation-of-an-oxidation-induction-time-measurement-01-2048x1240.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Representation of an oxidation-induction-time measurement [3, p. 8]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3a894e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3a894e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For non-isothermal oxidation studies, the DSC cell temperature is increased at a constant rate and the oxidation of the sample is monitored as a function of temperature.<\/p>\n<p>The DSC instrument detects an exothermic peak in the DSC curve, at the onset when a sample undergoes oxidation and releases heat. The temperature at which the peak appears is known as the oxidation onset temperature (OOT).<\/p>\n<p>The method is illustrated in Fig. 2. The OOT is a measure of the thermal stability of the sample and is used to assess the oxidative stability of materials.<\/p>\n<p>In summary, by measuring the oxidation induction time (OIT) or the oxidation onset temperature (OOT) at different temperatures, the activation energy for oxidation can be determined, which provides insight into the thermal stability of the sample.<\/p>\n<p>DSC can also be used to assess the effects of antioxidants and other additives on the oxidative stability of sample, which is important for their quality and shelf life.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80d22bb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"80d22bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"513\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustrated-of-an-oxidation-onset-temperature-measurement-01-1024x656.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7680\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustrated-of-an-oxidation-onset-temperature-measurement-01-1024x656.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustrated-of-an-oxidation-onset-temperature-measurement-01-300x192.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustrated-of-an-oxidation-onset-temperature-measurement-01-768x492.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustrated-of-an-oxidation-onset-temperature-measurement-01-1536x984.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Illustrated-of-an-oxidation-onset-temperature-measurement-01-2048x1313.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: Illustrated of an oxidation onset temperature measurement [3, p. 7]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3112811 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3112811\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>DSC can also be used to determine the activation energy for oxidation, which is a measure of the energy required to initiate the oxidation process.<\/p>\n<p>The activation energy can be calculated using the Arrhenius equation, which relates the rate of a chemical reaction to the temperature at which it occurs. The activation energy for oxidation can be determined by measuring the oxidation induction time (OIT) or the oxidation onset temperature (OOT) at different temperatures and plotting the data on an Arrhenius plot.<\/p>\n<p>The slope of the resulting line is used to calculate the activation energy for oxidation. The DSC curve can be analysed to determine several parameters related to oxidation, such as onset temperature, peak temperature, and heat of oxidation.<\/p>\n<p>Both OIT and OOT are important parameters in assessing the oxidative stability of materials, and antioxidant effectiveness can be compared particularly for polymers.<\/p>\n<p>A longer OIT or higher OOT indicates greater oxidative stability and resistance to degradation. Factors that can affect the accuracy of DSC measurements for oxidation include the sample preparation, instrumentation, and experimental conditions, such as the heating rate and atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p>Thermal analysis can be utilized to investigate the oxidation of metals in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, where a metal oxide is formed and the temperature- or time-dependent mass increase can be observed using techniques such as TGA.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b6b43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75b6b43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Decomposition during oxidation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a473acd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a473acd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Decomposition refers to the breakdown of a compound into smaller molecules or elements [1, section 3.4.4]. If no oxidant such as atmospheric oxygen is present during a measuement, pyrolysis starts at a substance-dependent temperature. The substance system is split by the input of heat and decomposes. In a DSC, this can be implemented by using an inert sample gas such as nitrogen, as otherwise oxidation can occur, which affects this process. Decomposition is an endothermic process.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-610be95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"610be95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Citations:<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5123bb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5123bb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/251272345_A_Chemical_Kinetics_Model_to_Predict_Diesel_Engine_Performance_Part_II_Bench-Test_Procedures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stephen M. Hsua and Chun-I Chenb, A chemical kinetics model to predict diesel engine performance.Part II. Bench-test procedures: Tribology Letters, Vol. 14, No. 2, February 2003.<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Thermal-Analysis-of-Polymeric-Materials-Wunderlich\/7e750078a46f27f7dd7721b0fba915de703580ea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">B. Wunderlich, Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2005.<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hanser-fachbuch.de\/fachbuch\/artikel\/9783446226739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">G. W. Ehrenstein, G. Riedel und P. Trawiel, Thermal analysis of plastics: Theory and practice. Munich: Hanser, 2004.<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li>Plastics \u2013 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), ISO 11357-6, 2008.<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/374974164_Differential_scanning_calorimetry_as_a_tool_to_assess_the_oxidation_state_of_cold-pressed_oils_during_shelf-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mahbuba Islam, Anna Kaczmarek, and Jolanta Tomaszewska-Gras, Differential scanning calorimetry as a tool to assess the oxidation state of cold-pressed oils during shelf-life: Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization (2023) 17:6639\u20136651.<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-772380e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"772380e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Oxidation is a chemical process that takes place when electrons are lost from a molecule, atom or ion.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":13673,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21789","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wiki"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21789"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21789\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13673"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21789"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21789"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}