{"id":206104,"date":"2026-11-05T13:57:41","date_gmt":"2026-11-05T12:57:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/unkategorisiert\/understanding-battery-aging-during-shallow-charge-cycles\/"},"modified":"2026-11-05T14:15:46","modified_gmt":"2026-11-05T13:15:46","slug":"understanding-battery-aging-during-shallow-charge-cycles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wiki\/understanding-battery-aging-during-shallow-charge-cycles\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding battery aging during shallow charge cycles"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"206104\" class=\"elementor elementor-206104 elementor-206075\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b75441f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b75441f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35d541b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"35d541b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97683da elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"97683da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__97683da\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__97683da\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__97683da\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d69a620 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d69a620\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2218721 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2218721\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Battery aging during shallow charge cycles: What role do temperature and electrode materials play?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f563fb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f563fb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Stationary battery storage systems are often not fully charged or discharged. Instead, they balance fluctuations between energy production and consumption. The resulting shallow charge and discharge cycles are considered relatively gentle. However, scientific studies show that a low depth of discharge does not necessarily correlate with lower battery aging.<\/p><p>A long-term study by Naumann et al. (2020) on lithium iron phosphate\/graphite cells (LFP\/graphite) showed a pronounced, partially reversible capacity loss during shallow charge cycles in medium state-of-charge ranges. The result highlights that, in addition to the depth of discharge, the average state of charge, temperature, and current load must also be taken into account.<\/p><p>The decisive factor is what happens inside the battery cell: Which chemical reactions actually lead to the loss of usable capacity? What role do the electrode materials play, and how can thermal changes be investigated using a battery calorimeter?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f25694 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3f25694\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70a90bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70a90bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Structure and cell formats of lithium-ion batteries<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e57f3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3e57f3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bfe25d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8bfe25d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To understand aging processes, a distinction must first be made between the chemical composition and the mechanical structure of a battery cell.<\/p><p>A lithium-ion cell essentially consists of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an ion-conducting electrolyte, and a separator. During the charging and discharging process, lithium ions are transported between the electrodes and are intercalated into or released from electrochemically active materials.<\/p><p>The electrode materials used significantly determine the electrical and electrochemical characteristics of the cell. For example, LFP\/graphite and NMC\/graphite cells differ in terms of their electrode potentials, energy density, and aging behavior.<\/p><p>Regardless of the cell chemistry, there are various designs that differ primarily in geometry, housing, electrode arrangement, and mechanical stability.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89c0869 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"89c0869\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56bfe34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"56bfe34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cylindrical cells, prismatic cells, and pouch cells<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36f5a88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"36f5a88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-035f339 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"035f339\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cylindrical cells<\/strong> usually have a metallic, cylindrical housing. The electrodes and the separator are typically rolled into a coil structure. Well-known formats include 18650 and 21700. The stable housing provides mechanical protection, while the cylindrical geometry influences heat dissipation and temperature distribution.<\/p><p><strong>Prismatic cells<\/strong> have a rectangular, predominantly rigid housing. Due to their compact design, they can be combined into battery modules to save space. Depending on the cell construction, the electrodes are stacked or wound. Prismatic cells are used in electric vehicles and stationary energy storage systems, among other applications.<\/p><p><strong>Pouch cells<\/strong> use a flexible, multi-layer packaging film instead of a rigid metal housing. The relatively lightweight design allows for high space utilization. At the same time, the lower mechanical stability and possible changes in thickness during operation require suitable mechanical support.<\/p><p><strong>Coin cells<\/strong> are particularly compact cells in a flat metal housing. In battery research, they are frequently used to investigate new electrode materials and electrolyte compositions in small experimental cells.<\/p><p>However, the cell shape alone does not determine aging. Two geometrically different cells can use the same electrode chemistry, while cells of the same design can contain completely different material systems.<\/p><p>Both aspects are important for thermal investigation: the cell chemistry influences heat generation, while the geometry, housing, and thermal contact conditions influence heat transfer to the measurement system.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72b4575 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"72b4575\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22a3a3b elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"22a3a3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Batteriezellen-im-Vergleich-1024x512.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-206106\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Batteriezellen-im-Vergleich-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Batteriezellen-im-Vergleich-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Batteriezellen-im-Vergleich-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Batteriezellen-im-Vergleich-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Batteriezellen-im-Vergleich.png 1774w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bedcae elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4bedcae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Figure 1: Comparison of the most important designs of lithium-ion battery cells.<br\/><\/em><\/strong><em>The illustration shows coin cells, cylindrical cells, prismatic cells, and pouch cells. The designs differ in particular with regard to their geometry, housing construction, and mechanical stability. These properties influence, among other things, heat transfer and thermal contacting during calorimetric investigations. The cell chemistry is independent of the external design.<br\/><\/em><em>Source: Own schematic representation, created with AI support. Not to scale.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-635c92a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"635c92a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b982d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b982d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How do lithium-ion batteries age?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92f5197 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"92f5197\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5df331d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5df331d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The aging of a lithium-ion battery cannot be attributed to a single chemical process. Several reactions and structural changes can occur simultaneously and influence each other.<\/p><p>The most important consequences are the loss of usable capacity and the increase in electrical or electrochemical internal resistance.<\/p><p>At the material level, three fundamental changes can be distinguished: the loss of cyclable lithium, the loss of electrochemically active material, and changes in transport and interface properties.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c348815 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c348815\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95aac46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"95aac46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">SEI growth: Lithium is chemically bound<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dd2e47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6dd2e47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a18f69c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a18f69c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The graphite anode plays a central role.<\/p><p>When a lithium-ion battery is charged for the first time, the electrolyte is partially reduced at the surface of the negative electrode. This creates solid reaction products that form a passivation layer: the so-called <em>Solid Electrolyte Interphase<\/em> (SEI).<\/p><p>This layer is necessary because it protects the graphite surface from further, uncontrolled electrolyte decomposition while simultaneously allowing the transport of lithium ions.<\/p><p>The SEI consists of various organic and inorganic compounds. Possible components include lithium carbonate (Li\u2082CO\u2083), lithium fluoride (LiF), and lithium-containing organic reaction products. Its actual composition depends, among other things, on the electrolyte and the operating conditions.<\/p><p>During the formation of these compounds, lithium ions are bound in reaction products. They are then no longer available for the regular exchange of charge between the positive and negative electrodes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac9afd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ac9afd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1632185 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1632185\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The lithium does not disappear from the cell, but is partially present in chemically bound form.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6035da elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d6035da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc80029 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc80029\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This process is known as <em>Loss of Lithium Inventory<\/em> (LLI). This refers to the loss of the portion of lithium available for the reversible storage and release of electrical energy.<\/p><p>Further reactions can occur even after the initial SEI formation. Elevated temperatures, long storage times, and changes to the electrode surface can promote additional SEI growth. In the process, lithium and electrolyte components are again bound or consumed.<\/p><p>Keil et al. (2016) showed that calendar aging depends, among other things, on the potential of the graphite anode. At a high state of charge, graphite is more heavily lithiated. The associated lower anode potential can promote further electrolyte reduction and SEI growth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7225d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c7225d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c36fea elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2c36fea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lithium plating: When lithium is deposited metallically<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e0a422 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0e0a422\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2fdfa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b2fdfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Another aging mechanism is so-called <em>lithium plating<\/em>.<\/p><p>During regular charging, lithium ions are intercalated into the graphite structure. Under unfavorable conditions, however, intercalation may occur too slowly. This is possible, for example, at low temperatures, high charging currents, or with anodes that are already heavily lithiated.<\/p><p>Instead of fully penetrating the graphite, lithium ions can then accept electrons and deposit as metallic lithium on the anode surface.<\/p><p>Part of this metallic lithium can be electrochemically converted again during subsequent discharging. Other parts react with the electrolyte or lose electrical contact with the electrode.<\/p><p>This electrically isolated lithium is often referred to as <em>dead lithium<\/em>. It can no longer participate in the regular charging and discharging process.<\/p><p>Lithium plating therefore contributes to the loss of cyclable lithium and can promote further side reactions and changes to the SEI.<\/p><p>Metallic deposition is also safety-relevant, especially if unfavorable deposition structures develop. However, lithium plating cannot be clearly detected from a change in heat flow alone.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5093464 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5093464\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2744673 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2744673\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mechanical damage and loss of active material<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bb4249 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6bb4249\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-813aaf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"813aaf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>During charging and discharging, the lithium content of the electrodes changes. This can be accompanied by changes in the crystal lattice and material volume.<\/p><p>Repeated expansion and contraction processes can generate mechanical stress. Depending on the electrode material and cell construction, this can lead to cracks, loss of contact, or changes in the particle structure.<\/p><p>If active particles are electrically separated from the conductive electrode network, they can no longer fully participate in the electrochemical process despite existing lithium storage capacity.<\/p><p>This effect is known as <em>Loss of Active Material<\/em> (LAM).<\/p><p>Cracks can also expose new electrode surfaces. If electrolyte reaches these surfaces, additional interface reactions can occur. In this way, mechanical degradation and chemical aging partially reinforce each other.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a443767 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a443767\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac72622 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac72622\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Changes at the cathode and in the electrolyte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a477b16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a477b16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a25a17e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a25a17e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aging processes also occur at the positive electrode.<\/p><p>In NMC-based cathodes, high electrode potentials and elevated temperatures can promote electrolyte oxidation, changes in the surface structure, and the dissolution of transition metals, among other things.<\/p><p>Dissolved metal ions can migrate through the electrolyte and influence further undesirable reactions at the negative electrode.<\/p><p>An interface layer, known as the <em>Cathode Electrolyte Interphase<\/em> (CEI), can also form on the cathode surface.<\/p><p>In LFP cells, other structural and electrochemical properties are decisive. The olivine-like LFP structure is considered relatively stable; nevertheless, interface reactions, electrolyte degradation, and the loss of cyclable lithium can also contribute to aging here.<\/p><p>Qiao et al. (2025) investigated LFP\/graphite pouch cells at different temperatures and states of charge. Under the conditions considered, higher temperatures and higher states of charge led to greater capacity loss.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65a0a52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"65a0a52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7a19fa elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e7a19fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"365\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/batteries_with_labels-1024x467.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-206108\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/batteries_with_labels-1024x467.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/batteries_with_labels-300x137.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/batteries_with_labels-768x350.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/batteries_with_labels-1536x701.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/batteries_with_labels-2048x935.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10a620f elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10a620f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Figure 2: Schematic structure of a conventional lithium-ion cell and a solid-state battery.<br\/><\/em><\/strong><strong><em>The illustration shows the basic structure of both cell concepts with electrodes, current collectors, and electrolytes, as well as the SEI and CEI interface layers. The figure serves to illustrate the cell structure and does not represent a specific LFP\/graphite cell chemistry.<br\/><\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Source: Amiri, A. K.; Morgan, L. M.; Michael, M. P.; Edge, J. S. (2021): Structures of conventional and solid state lithium ion batteries. <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281\/zenodo.5013913.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df289ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"df289ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f6d72f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f6d72f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Calendar and cyclic aging<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c43d94c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c43d94c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d70752 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d70752\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The chemical and mechanical processes mentioned can occur both during storage and in active operation.<\/p><p>In <strong>calendar aging<\/strong>, temperature, storage duration, and state of charge play a particularly important role. A cell can therefore lose capacity even if it is hardly used over a long period of time.<\/p><p>In <strong>cyclic aging<\/strong>, stresses from repeated charging and discharging are added. These include concentration changes within the electrodes, mechanical stresses, and current loads.<\/p><p>The two forms of aging cannot be completely separated from each other in real operation. For example, a cell can age simultaneously through time-dependent SEI growth and through repeated electrode stress during a cycle test.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-422900a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"422900a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbc2c25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bbc2c25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shallow charge cycles: Why a low depth of discharge is not always enough<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a180a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8a180a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-999f90a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"999f90a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <em>depth of discharge<\/em> (DoD) describes the proportion of usable capacity that is converted during a charging or discharging process.<\/p><p>In shallow cycles, the <em>state of charge<\/em> (SoC) only changes within a limited range. A storage system that is operated between 40 and 60% SoC, for example, undergoes a charge swing of 20 percentage points.<\/p><p>Shallow cycles can reduce mechanical stress compared to larger charge swings. However, their actual aging effect also depends on the average state of charge, the temperature, and the current profile.<\/p><p>Naumann et al. (2020) investigated commercial LFP\/graphite cells under different operating conditions over 29 months. Among other things, they observed a pronounced, partially reversible capacity loss during shallow cycles in medium state-of-charge ranges.<\/p><p>Such a capacity loss does not therefore have to be equated entirely with irreversible chemical changes. Relaxation processes and the conditions of the reference measurement can also influence the measured capacity.<\/p><p>This does not mean that deep cycles are fundamentally more favorable. For a reliable assessment, depth of discharge, SoC window, temperature, current load, and energy throughput must be considered together.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-924a723 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"924a723\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d61febe elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d61febe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/SoC-Fenster-fuer-flache-und-tiefe-Zyklen-1024x683.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-206107\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/SoC-Fenster-fuer-flache-und-tiefe-Zyklen-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/SoC-Fenster-fuer-flache-und-tiefe-Zyklen-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/SoC-Fenster-fuer-flache-und-tiefe-Zyklen-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/SoC-Fenster-fuer-flache-und-tiefe-Zyklen.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9e53b1 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a9e53b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Figure 3: Comparison of different state-of-charge windows for shallow and deep charge cycles.<br\/><\/em><\/strong><strong><em>The schematic representation illustrates that identical depths of discharge (DoD) can occur at different average states of charge (SoC). Conversely, different charge swings can have the same average SoC. To evaluate battery aging, both influencing variables must therefore be taken into account.<br\/><\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Source: Own schematic representation, created with AI support. No experimental measurement data.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38caaa3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"38caaa3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f035334 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f035334\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What does a battery calorimeter measure?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb1f959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fb1f959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0d21b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d0d21b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>During charging and discharging, thermal effects occur in a battery cell in addition to electrical and electrochemical processes.<\/p><p>A battery calorimeter measures the heat flow that is transferred from a battery cell to its surroundings or to the measurement system during defined operating conditions.<\/p><p>In an isothermal battery calorimeter, the cell is investigated under the most constant, controlled temperature conditions possible. The dissipated heat flow is recorded with time resolution.<\/p><p>Unlike a pure temperature measurement, this does not just observe how much the cell heats up. Calorimetry provides quantitative information about the thermal energy exchange.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e5cf0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9e5cf0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75aedc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75aedc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Which thermal effects occur during operation?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e42d883 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e42d883\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb7fa45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb7fa45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The heat generation of a battery is composed of several contributions.<\/p><p><strong>Irreversible heat<\/strong> is generated, among other things, by ohmic resistance and electrochemical polarization. These losses depend, for example, on current strength, cell state, and temperature.<\/p><p><strong>Reversible heat<\/strong> is associated with entropic changes in the electrochemical cell reaction. Depending on the state of charge and current direction, this heat contribution can be exothermic or endothermic.<\/p><p><strong>Parasitic heat flow<\/strong> can be caused by undesirable side reactions, for example, by progressive electrolyte decomposition or interface reactions.<\/p><p>The fundamental energy balance of such processes was described by Bernardi, Pawlikowski, and Newman (1985).<\/p><p>For interpretation, it is crucial that the calorimeter initially measures the superimposed total thermal contribution. Individual reactions cannot be clearly identified solely on the basis of a specific heat flow value.<\/p><p>However, the different heat contributions can be investigated in more detail using suitable measurement protocols, accompanying electrical measurements, and physical models.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3a8b8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d3a8b8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0ed96c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f0ed96c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What can the LINSEIS IBC L91 measure?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bf86b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d2bf86b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-771655f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"771655f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <strong>LINSEIS IBC L91<\/strong> is an isothermal battery calorimeter for investigating the heat flow of battery cells under controlled temperature conditions.<\/p><p>The measurement system works with temperature-controlled measuring plates and heat flow sensors. The battery is thermally coupled to the measurement arrangement, while its charging and discharging behavior is specified via a suitable electrical source or a battery cycler.<\/p><p>The measured heat flow can be evaluated together with current, voltage, and temperature data.<\/p><p>This allows, for example, the influence of different C-rates, state-of-charge windows, and measurement temperatures, as well as changes in thermal behavior over repeated measurements, to be investigated.<\/p><p>The measuring cell of the IBC L91 has a modular design and can be adapted to different cell sizes and geometries.<\/p><p>The system supports coin cells and cylindrical cells, for which corresponding adapters are available. Flat pouch cells and prismatic cells can also be investigated with a suitable measuring plate configuration.<\/p><p>The specific suitability depends on cell dimensions, thermal contacting, measuring plate geometry, and the expected heat flow.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ac5d4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5ac5d4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cae3cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0cae3cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What information does the measurement provide?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57a6c35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"57a6c35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-707edc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"707edc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Various information can be obtained from time-resolved heat flow data.<\/p><p>For example, it can be investigated how heat generation changes at different charging and discharging currents. At the same time, defined temperature conditions can serve to make differences in thermal cell behavior visible.<\/p><p>By integrating the heat flow over a specified period of time, the corresponding thermal energy exchange can be determined.<\/p><p>Together with the electrical measurement data, such results can contribute to the evaluation of the energy balance of a battery cell.<\/p><p>For interpretation, however, the sign convention of the heat flow, the dynamic response of the measurement system, and the correction and calibration procedures used must be taken into account.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5309f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f5309f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a56df1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3a56df1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How can battery aging be investigated with a calorimeter?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e32735 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1e32735\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05d246b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05d246b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A battery calorimeter does not measure the aging of a cell directly as a single physical quantity. However, it provides additional information about thermal changes that can be related to electrochemical and chemical processes.<\/p><p>For an aging study, for example, a comparison of identical cells under defined operating conditions is useful.<\/p><p>First, the initial thermal state of a cell is characterized. For this purpose, heat flow measurements can be carried out during a standardized charging and discharging profile.<\/p><p>The cell is then stressed over a specified number of cycles or stored for a longer period at a defined state of charge and temperature.<\/p><p>The same calorimetric measurement program is repeated at regular intervals.<\/p><p>If the heat flow changes at a comparable SoC, the same temperature, and the same current load, this indicates that the thermal or electrochemical behavior of the cell has changed.<\/p><p>The causes can be, for example, an increased internal resistance, changed polarization losses, or additional side reactions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-918d55e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"918d55e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dc0b8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3dc0b8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Can SEI growth and lithium plating be measured directly?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4047a2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4047a2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5651f13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5651f13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Isothermal calorimetry can contribute to the investigation of reactions related to SEI growth, electrolyte degradation, or lithium plating.<\/p><p>However, the assignment is challenging.<\/p><p>During SEI growth, chemical side reactions can generate additional heat. The corresponding signals can be very small and overlap with reversible and irreversible heat contributions.<\/p><p>Downie, Hyatt, and Dahn (2016) showed using NMC442\/graphite cells that isothermal microcalorimetry can detect differences in parasitic reactions between different electrolyte systems.<\/p><p>Lithium plating can also influence the thermal behavior of a cell. However, a characteristic heat flow curve alone does not prove that lithium has been metallically deposited.<\/p><p>For a clear assignment, supplementary methods are required, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, special voltage relaxation analyses, or material analysis investigations.<\/p><p><strong>The battery calorimeter thus does not provide direct chemical identification of all aging reactions, but rather an additional experimental approach to their thermal effects.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90d2a79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"90d2a79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38396e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"38396e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practical example: Heat flow at different charging and discharging currents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-591d1bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"591d1bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e379ef5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e379ef5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>An application example of the LINSEIS IBC L91 shows the heat flow of a single lithium-ion battery cell as a function of the converted capacity at different C-rates.<\/p><p>The measurements were carried out at 0.4 C, 0.6 C, and 0.8 C.<\/p><p>The curves illustrate that the current load affects the heat flow profile. In the experiment shown, larger heat flows occur at higher charging and discharging currents. At the same time, the capacities achieved in each case differ.<\/p><p>The study thus shows how different electrical operating conditions can be compared calorimetrically.<\/p><p>However, a direct statement about the long-term aging rate is not possible from this single measurement. This would require repeated measurements and additional information on capacity and impedance development.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c629721 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c629721\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9dc1010 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9dc1010\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IBC-Waermestrom-als-Funktion-der-Zeit_-Messungen-04-1024x564.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-21679\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IBC-Waermestrom-als-Funktion-der-Zeit_-Messungen-04-1024x564.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IBC-Waermestrom-als-Funktion-der-Zeit_-Messungen-04-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IBC-Waermestrom-als-Funktion-der-Zeit_-Messungen-04-768x423.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IBC-Waermestrom-als-Funktion-der-Zeit_-Messungen-04-1536x846.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IBC-Waermestrom-als-Funktion-der-Zeit_-Messungen-04-2048x1127.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24bcaa8 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24bcaa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Figure 4: Influence of different charging and discharging currents on the heat flow of a lithium-ion battery.<br\/>The heat flow is shown as a function of the converted capacity of a single lithium-ion battery cell at different C-rates (0.4 C, 0.6 C, and 0.8 C). The measurement curves show that the current load influences both the heat flow profile and the capacity achieved. In particular, larger heat flows occur at higher charging and discharging currents. The results illustrate the relationship between electrical load, thermal behavior, and usable capacity. For a quantitative determination of the energetic efficiency, additional electrical energy data and a corresponding heat balance are required.<br\/>Source: Own measurements, LINSEIS MESSGERAETE GMBH.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc5a2c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bc5a2c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7ed04d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d7ed04d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How can the aging of stationary battery storage systems be reduced?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbf440f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"dbf440f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd9e806 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd9e806\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The results of scientific aging studies show that the service life of stationary lithium-ion storage systems can be influenced by a suitable operating strategy.<\/p><p>An important starting point is <strong>temperature management<\/strong>. Elevated temperatures can accelerate numerous undesirable chemical side reactions. At the same time, temperatures that are too low must be taken into account when choosing the charging profile, as they can promote lithium plating under unfavorable conditions.<\/p><p>The <strong>state-of-charge window<\/strong> also plays an important role. Longer residence times at high states of charge can promote calendar aging in particular. The appropriate limit values depend on the cell chemistry used and the application profile.<\/p><p>When choosing the <strong>charging and discharging currents<\/strong>, thermal load and desired performance must be weighed against each other. High currents can lead to increased irreversible heat losses and, under certain conditions, promote additional aging mechanisms.<\/p><p>Finally, the depth of discharge should not be considered in isolation. Shallow charge cycles can be advantageous, but their effect depends on the average state of charge and other operating conditions.<\/p><p>Calorimetric measurements can contribute to quantitatively comparing the heat generation of different operating strategies. In conjunction with electrochemical aging tests, they thus provide an additional basis for the development of long-lasting battery storage systems.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5132176 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5132176\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ff26d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ff26d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion: Understanding battery aging at the material and cell level<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-550fd51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"550fd51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c54b6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c54b6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The aging of lithium-ion batteries results from the interplay of chemical, electrochemical, and mechanical processes. These include, in particular, the growth of interface layers, the irreversible binding of lithium, metallic lithium deposition, and the loss of electrochemically active material.<\/p><p>Shallow charge cycles can reduce stress, but do not automatically guarantee a low aging rate. The cell chemistry and the combination of temperature, state of charge, current load, and depth of discharge are decisive.<\/p><p>Battery calorimetry complements electrical and electrochemical investigations with time-resolved information on heat generation. The LINSEIS IBC L91 makes it possible to investigate such thermal changes under defined operating conditions and to relate them to electrical measurement data.<\/p><p>Only by combining calorimetric results with suitable aging and material analyses can the underlying degradation processes be evaluated more comprehensively and operating strategies be specifically improved.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cde07ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"cde07ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d311197 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d311197\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Scientific literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99baeb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"99baeb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ec0ae5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ec0ae5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li>Naumann, M.; Spingler, F.; Jossen, A. (2020): <em>Analysis and modeling of cycle aging of a commercial LiFePO\u2084\/graphite cell.<\/em> Journal of Power Sources, 451, 227666. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2019.227666\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2019.227666<\/a><\/li><li>Keil, P. et al. (2016): <em>Calendar Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries: I. Impact of the Graphite Anode on Capacity Fade.<\/em> Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 163(9), A1872\u2013A1880. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1149\/2.0411609jes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1149\/2.0411609jes<\/a><\/li><li>Qiao, X. et al. (2025): <em>Deciphering the Calendar Aging Degradation Mechanism of LiFePO\u2084\u2013Graphite Pouch Cells.<\/em> ACS Applied Energy Materials, 8(4), 2209\u20132218. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsaem.4c02761\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsaem.4c02761<\/a><\/li><li>Wang, J. et al. (2014): <em>Degradation of lithium ion batteries employing graphite negatives and nickel\u2013cobalt\u2013manganese oxide + spinel manganese oxide positives: Part 1, aging mechanisms and life estimation.<\/em> Journal of Power Sources, 269, 937\u2013948. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2014.07.030\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2014.07.030<\/a><\/li><li>Downie, L. E.; Hyatt, S. R.; Dahn, J. R. (2016): <em>The Impact of Electrolyte Composition on Parasitic Reactions in Lithium Ion Cells Charged to 4.7 V Determined Using Isothermal Microcalorimetry.<\/em> Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 163(2), A35\u2013A42. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1149\/2.0081602jes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1149\/2.0081602jes<\/a><\/li><li>Bernardi, D.; Pawlikowski, E.; Newman, J. (1985): <em>A General Energy Balance for Battery Systems.<\/em> Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 132(1), 5\u201312. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1149\/1.2113792\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1149\/1.2113792<\/a><\/li><li>Edge, J. S. et al. (2021): Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1CP00359C\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1CP00359C<\/a><\/li><li>Fraunhofer ISI (2022): Development perspectives for lithium-ion battery cell formats. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.isi.fraunhofer.de\/content\/dam\/isi\/dokumente\/cct\/2022\/Development_perspectives_for_lithium-ion_battery_cell_formats_Fraunhofer_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.isi.fraunhofer.de\/content\/dam\/isi\/dokumente\/cct\/2022\/Development_perspectives_for_lithium-ion_battery_cell_formats_Fraunhofer_2022.pdf<\/a><\/li><li>LINSEIS Messger\u00e4te GmbH: IBC L91 \u2013 Isothermal Battery Calorimeter. Technical product documentation. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/calorimetry\/ibc-l91-isothermal-battery-calorimeter\/\">https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/products\/calorimetry\/ibc-l91-isothermal-battery-calorimeter\/<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stationary battery storage systems are often not fully charged or discharged. Instead, they balance fluctuations between energy production and consumption. The resulting shallow charge and discharge cycles are considered relatively gentle. However, scientific studies show that a low depth of discharge does not necessarily correlate with lower battery aging.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":206105,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-206104","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wiki"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/206104","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=206104"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/206104\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/206105"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=206104"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=206104"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=206104"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}