{"id":110793,"date":"2025-11-17T15:30:34","date_gmt":"2025-11-17T14:30:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/?p=110793"},"modified":"2025-12-19T07:28:07","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T06:28:07","slug":"advanced-kinetics-and-process-analysis-of-hydrogen-reduction-of-iron-ore-with-linseis-tga-and-sta-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wiki\/advanced-kinetics-and-process-analysis-of-hydrogen-reduction-of-iron-ore-with-linseis-tga-and-sta-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Advanced Kinetics and Process Analysis of Hydrogen Reduction of Iron Ore with Linseis TGA and STA Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"110793\" class=\"elementor elementor-110793\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ffaf4c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8ffaf4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1933122 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1933122\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fbad62 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"8fbad62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__8fbad62\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__8fbad62\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__8fbad62\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60a525e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"60a525e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6557b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6557b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-070b40c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"070b40c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00312dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"00312dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The direct reduction of iron ore with hydrogen is central to the decarbonization of the steel industry. Hydrogen-based processes enable a significant reduction of CO\u2082 emissions compared to conventional reduction with carbon carriers. High technical challenges related to gas reactivity, temperature control, pellet characteristics, and pressure conditions make experimentally validated kinetic data a key resource for the development of industrial H\u2082 direct reduction reactors. LINSEIS TGA and STA systems provide highly precise measurement data on reaction pathways, intermediate phases, and atmosphere dynamics\u2014essential information for optimizing and modeling hydrogen reduction (Kim et al., 2021; Ratzker et al., 2025).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0be888 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a0be888\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reaction Chemistry and Process Fundamentals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-550d1e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"550d1e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The reduction of iron(III) oxide (Fe\u2082O\u2083) with hydrogen proceeds stepwise via Fe\u2083O\u2084 and FeO to metallic iron. The rate and efficiency of these conversions are influenced by numerous factors, including porosity, defects in pellets, diffusion properties, and atmosphere changes. Diffusion processes and hydrogen partial pressure largely determine reaction rates, while water vapor formed during hydrogen reduction must be continuously removed as a reaction product to avoid re-oxidation (Shankar et al., 2025; Fradet et al., 2023). Simultaneous analytical recording of mass changes, thermal effects, and gas phases is therefore essential for a complete understanding of the process.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e5e34d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5e5e34d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db9db7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"db9db7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Equipment Setup and Measurement Methodology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1f7dd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d1f7dd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d96387c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d96387c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/tga-thermogravimetry\/tga-l87-msb\/\"><strong>LINSEIS TGA L87 MSB<\/strong><\/a> is particularly suitable for investigating powder samples and reference materials due to its high sensitivity. Rapidly switchable atmosphere control (including H\u2082, N\u2082, Ar, and their mixtures) allows for controlled varying conditions. Coupling with a mass spectrometer (MS) enables real-time analysis of formed gases, especially H\u2082O and potential by-products.<\/p><p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/thermal-analysis\/simultaneous-thermal-analyzer-tga-dsc\/sta-l81\/\"><strong>LINSEIS STA L81<\/strong><\/a> combines <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/tga-thermogravimetry\/\"><strong>thermogravimetry (TG)<\/strong><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/differential-scanning-calorimeter-dsc\/\"><strong>differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)<\/strong><\/a>, so that during the reduction reaction not only weight changes but also energetic effects such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wiki\/endothermic-vs-exothermic-reactions\/\"><strong>endothermic or exothermic<\/strong><\/a> reactions can be clearly assigned. Especially during the transition from Fe\u2083O\u2084 to FeO or FeO to Fe, characteristic thermal signatures occur that support the interpretation of reaction kinetics and intermediate phases.<\/p><p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/thermal-analysis\/simultaneous-thermal-analyzer-tga-dsc\/sta-hp-l85\/\"><strong>LINSEIS STA HP L85<\/strong><\/a> enables measurements under real process conditions up to high hydrogen pressure and precisely controllable gas flows. This allows simulation of processes on complete pellets; pressure- and gas flow-dependent kinetics can be mapped, gas changes performed under load, and safety-relevant gas controls tested. The flexible selection of sample holders (platinum stirrup for powder versus ceramic crucible for pellets) complements the adaptability to different investigation designs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f64f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c1f64f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36d5ca3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"36d5ca3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Experimental Objectives and Evaluation Strategy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39b5ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"39b5ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59b342a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"59b342a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With these measurement platforms, the following scientifically relevant questions can be practically addressed:<\/p><ul><li><b>Temperature-dependent reduction kinetics:<\/b> Investigation at 600, 700 and 900 \u00b0C, differentiation of reaction rates for different pellet and powder forms.<\/li><li><b>Pressure dependence:<\/b> Series of experiments at 1, 10, 30 and 50 bar; identification of pressure influence on time to complete reduction.<\/li><li><b>Intermediate phases and energetics:<\/b> Step-by-step analysis of mass losses (Fe\u2082O\u2083 \u2192 Fe\u2083O\u2084 \u2192 FeO \u2192 Fe) and assignment of characteristic thermal effects via DSC.<\/li><li><b>Gas phase analysis:<\/b> Real-time detection of reaction products via <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/additional-devices-support\/l40-ega-gcms\/\"><strong>MS<\/strong><\/a>, correlation between mass loss and hydrogen\/water gas evolution.<\/li><li><b>Microstructure changes:<\/b> Before\/after observation using electron microscopy (e.g., changes in pore structure and grain growth as a function of pressure and temperature).<\/li><li><b>Combined modeling:<\/b> Derivation of kinetic parameters that serve as a database for simulation-supported process optimization and scale-up (Raabe, 2021; Fradet et al., 2023).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11f9f4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"11f9f4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cd2a02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8cd2a02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Application and Industrial Perspective<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8692f1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8692f1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6454cc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6454cc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The data sets generated by Linseis systems are essential for process simulation and for the development of control strategies in H\u2082-based direct reduction plants. They form the basis for quality assurance of pellets, help identify operating windows and safety limits, and allow modeling of complex gas phenomena in a wide variety of industrial applications (Souza Filho et al., 2021; Ratzker et al., 2025).<\/p><p>In addition to the following example on copper oxidation kinetics, the Forced-Flow concept can be seamlessly extended to pressure-controlled environments and reduction-driven reaction pathways, enabling a broader operational envelope for advanced gas\u2013solid studies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd8daa6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fd8daa6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa219f6 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fa219f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"502\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Forced-Flow-Application-01-01-1024x642.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-85509\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Forced-Flow-Application-01-01-1024x642.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Forced-Flow-Application-01-01-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Forced-Flow-Application-01-01-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Forced-Flow-Application-01-01-1536x962.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Forced-Flow-Application-01-01-2048x1283.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Forced Flow: Oxidation rates of copper<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6806433 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6806433\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed05403 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed05403\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The oxidation of copper produces copper oxide, whereby the reaction rate is highly dependent on the gas supply. The forced flow principle ensures that the oxidizing agent (O\u2082) is distributed quickly and evenly over the entire sample material right from the start. This allows the reaction to take place much faster than with conventional methods, where the gas only reaches the sample gradually.<\/p><p>The reaction for the formation of copper oxide is:<br \/>2Cu + O\u2082 \u2192 2 CuO<\/p><p>Due to the forced gas flow, the oxygen reacts efficiently with the copper &#8211; for accelerated reactions and more precise analyses under realistic conditions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-855c3ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"855c3ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4a56e5 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e4a56e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"502\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Iron-ore-air-oxidation-1024x642.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-110806\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Iron-ore-air-oxidation-1024x642.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Iron-ore-air-oxidation-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Iron-ore-air-oxidation-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Iron-ore-air-oxidation-1536x963.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Iron-ore-air-oxidation-2048x1284.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-429446b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"429446b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c26cdce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c26cdce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Conversion vs time curves obtained from macro TG iron ore air oxidation experiments (carried out in a Linseis TGA L83) at 500, 800 and 1000 \u25e6C (grey, black and red lines, respectively), using crucibles sealed with an alumina perforated lid (0.10 porosity) in all cases. Dots correspond to experimental results and continuous lines represent model predictions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2493840 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2493840\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac3bfeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac3bfeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-110839 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Time-dependent-mass-signal-scaled.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Time-dependent-mass-signal-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Time-dependent-mass-signal-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Time-dependent-mass-signal-1024x642.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Time-dependent-mass-signal-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Time-dependent-mass-signal-1536x963.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Time-dependent-mass-signal-2048x1284.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p><p><br \/><br \/><br \/><br \/>(a) Time dependent mass signal of the TGA<\/p><p><br \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-110828 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reduction-degree-as-a-function-of-time-scaled.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reduction-degree-as-a-function-of-time-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reduction-degree-as-a-function-of-time-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reduction-degree-as-a-function-of-time-1024x642.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reduction-degree-as-a-function-of-time-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reduction-degree-as-a-function-of-time-1536x963.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reduction-degree-as-a-function-of-time-2048x1284.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><br \/>(b) Reduction degree (0e100%) as a function of time<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bd9a4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6bd9a4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e904e81 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e904e81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"502\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reduction-of-iron-ore-1024x642.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-110817\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reduction-of-iron-ore-1024x642.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reduction-of-iron-ore-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reduction-of-iron-ore-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reduction-of-iron-ore-1536x963.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reduction-of-iron-ore-2048x1284.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Reduction of iron ore pellets in hydrogen<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77bd3ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"77bd3ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e9988 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26e9988\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion and Outlook<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-661882c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"661882c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d1f563 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d1f563\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>LINSEIS TGA and STA devices enable a unique combination of sensitivity, temperature and pressure stability, rapid gas change control, and flexible atmosphere selection. They are equally suitable for basic thermodynamic studies and for application-oriented process tests on powders and pellets. The future perspective includes the evaluation of complex gas mixtures (e.g., H\u2082\/CO\/CO\u2082) and the investigation of hydrogen cycles for future, fully sustainable steel processes (Ma et al., 2022).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-436cd6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"436cd6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30df820 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"30df820\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd24354 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd24354\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p><p>Fradet, Q., Kurnatowska, M., &amp; Riedel, U. (2023). Thermochemical reduction of iron oxide powders with hydrogen: Review of selected thermal analysis studies. <em>Thermochimica Acta<\/em>, <em>725<\/em>, 179552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tca.2023.179552<\/p><p>Kim, S.-H., Zhang, X., Ma, Y., Souza Filho, I. R., Schweinar, K., Angenendt, K., Vogel, D., Stephenson, L., El-Zoka, A., Mianroodi, J. R., Rohwerder, M., Gault, B., &amp; Raabe, D. (2021). Influence of microstructure and atomic-scale chemistry on the direct reduction of iron ore with hydrogen at 700 \u00b0C. <em>Acta Materialia<\/em>, <em>212<\/em>, 116933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actamat.2021.116933<\/p><p>Ma, Y., Souza Filho, I. R., Zhang, X., Nandy, S., Barriobero-Vila, P., Requena, G., Vogel, D., Rohwerder, M., Ponge, D., Springer, H., &amp; Raabe, D. (2022). Hydrogen-based direct reduction of iron oxide at 700 \u00b0C: Heterogeneity at pellet and microstructure scales. <em>International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials<\/em>, <em>29<\/em>(10), 1901\u20131907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12613-022-2440-5<\/p><p>Raabe, D. (2021). Simulation of hydrogen-based direct reduction. Dierk Raabe Research. https:\/\/www.dierk-raabe.com\/simulation-of-hydrogen-based-direct-reduction\/<\/p><p>Ratzker, B., Ruffino, M., Shankar, S., Raabe, D., &amp; Ma, Y. (2025). Elucidating the microstructure evolution during hydrogen-based direct reduction via a case study of single crystal hematite. <em>Acta Materialia<\/em>, <em>294<\/em>, 121174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actamat.2025.121174<\/p><p>Shankar, S., Ratzker, B., da Silva, A. K., Schwarz, T. M., Brouwer, H., Gault, B., Ma, Y., &amp; Raabe, D. (2025). Unraveling the thermodynamics and mechanism behind the lowering of direct reduction temperatures in oxide mixtures. <em>Acta Materialia<\/em>, <em>282<\/em>, 120445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actamat.2025.05358 (also available as arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.12947)<\/p><p>Souza Filho, I. R., Ma, Y., Kulse, M., Ponge, D., Gault, B., Springer, H., &amp; Raabe, D. (2021). Sustainable steel through hydrogen plasma reduction of iron ore: Process, kinetics, microstructure, chemistry. <em>Acta Materialia<\/em>, <em>213<\/em>, 116971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actamat.2021.116971<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdd3ee6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"cdd3ee6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The direct reduction of iron ore with hydrogen is central to the decarbonization of the steel industry. Hydrogen-based processes enable a significant reduction of CO\u2082 emissions compared to conventional reduction with carbon carriers. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":110794,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-110793","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wiki"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110793","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=110793"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110793\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/110794"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=110793"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=110793"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=110793"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}