{"id":151742,"date":"2026-08-19T09:22:02","date_gmt":"2026-08-19T07:22:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/applikationen\/material-analysis-for-new-technologies\/thin-film-analysis-coatings\/"},"modified":"2026-08-19T09:53:10","modified_gmt":"2026-08-19T07:53:10","slug":"thin-film-analysis-coatings","status":"publish","type":"applikationen","link":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/applications\/material-analysis-for-new-technologies\/thin-film-analysis-coatings\/","title":{"rendered":"Thin-Film Analysis &amp; Coatings"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"151742\" class=\"elementor elementor-151742 elementor-150908\" data-elementor-post-type=\"applikationen\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7516b3d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7516b3d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-378a0083 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"378a0083\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/linseis_scale-top-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-123852\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25e384b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"25e384b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c873ac5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c873ac5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7935fea3 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7935fea3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Thin-Film Analysis &amp; Coatings<\/b><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7d6339 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b7d6339\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Precise thermal and electrical characterization of thin films, coatings, and multilayer systems<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cd67cd1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4cd67cd1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-622707ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-carousel\" data-id=\"622707ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;carousel_items&quot;:[{&quot;slide_title&quot;:&quot;Produkt 1&quot;,&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;d6fbcdb&quot;}],&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slides_to_scroll&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:2000,&quot;slides_to_show_tablet&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slides_to_show_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;offset_sides&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;image_spacing_custom&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;image_spacing_custom_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;image_spacing_custom_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-carousel swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Karussell\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" data-slide=\"1\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"1 of 1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-514da080 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"514da080\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba251e5 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ba251e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Linseis-Icons_Thin-Films-1024x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-122633\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Linseis-Icons_Thin-Films-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Linseis-Icons_Thin-Films-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Linseis-Icons_Thin-Films-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Linseis-Icons_Thin-Films-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Linseis-Icons_Thin-Films-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Linseis-Icons_Thin-Films-2048x2048.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cde5263 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3cde5263\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/linseis_scale-bottom-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-123866\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16040c26 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"16040c26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec28532 e-con-full elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec28532\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_anchor_link_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d3f716 elementor-align-right elementor-widget__width-auto btn-fancy elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6d3f716\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#herausforderungen\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Challenges<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9671f7 elementor-align-right elementor-widget__width-auto btn-fancy elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c9671f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#methode\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Methods<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eac49ee elementor-align-right elementor-widget__width-auto btn-fancy elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"eac49ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#geraete\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Devices<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c6b02d elementor-align-right elementor-widget__width-auto btn-fancy elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"8c6b02d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#applikation\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Scope of Application<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-086a8ef elementor-align-right elementor-widget__width-auto btn-fancy elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"086a8ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#faq\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">FAQ<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7125e09a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7125e09a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55187de9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55187de9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5341e60c elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-bcn_widget\" data-id=\"5341e60c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-bcn_widget.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"breadcrumbs\" vocab=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/\" typeof=\"BreadcrumbList\"><span property=\"itemListElement\" typeof=\"ListItem\"><a property=\"item\" typeof=\"WebPage\" title=\"Go to Linseis.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/\" class=\"home\" aria-current=\"page\"><span property=\"name\">Linseis<\/span><\/a><meta property=\"position\" content=\"1\"><\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bf0bd89 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bf0bd89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-266b41f0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"266b41f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-662cae92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"662cae92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"1009\" data-end=\"1331\">Thin films and functional coatings are key components of modern technologies. From <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wiki\/wide-bandgap-semiconductors\/\"><strong>semiconductors<\/strong><\/a> and microelectronic components to sensors and photovoltaics, all the way to optical systems and protective coatings, they enable precisely tunable electrical, thermal, and functional properties. <\/p><p data-start=\"1333\" data-end=\"1746\">However, as the layer thickness decreases, the properties of thin films increasingly differ from those of the corresponding bulk material. Microstructure, layer thickness, interfaces, substrates, and fabrication conditions can significantly influence heat and charge transport. Therefore, direct characterization of the actual layer structure is necessary, particularly for complex multilayer systems.  <\/p><p data-start=\"1748\" data-end=\"1989\">Using specialized measurement systems from LINSEIS, the thermal and electrical properties of thin films and coatings can be precisely determined\u2014from individual functional layers to complex layer stacks and interfaces.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cec6e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"6cec6e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"challenges\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af460cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af460cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Relevant Questions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1o8kyxw\" data-start=\"2091\" data-end=\"2150\">What is the thermal conductivity of a thin layer?<\/li>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1d7nx2q\" data-start=\"2151\" data-end=\"2217\">How do in-plane and cross-plane heat transfer differ?<\/li>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"h4lg6h\" data-start=\"2218\" data-end=\"2292\">How does coating thickness affect thermal properties?<\/li>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"tgbvyh\" data-start=\"2293\" data-end=\"2358\">What kind of thermal resistance occurs at material interfaces?<\/li>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"fdgekx\" data-start=\"2359\" data-end=\"2421\">How do the substrate and interfaces affect the measurement results?<\/li>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"12stdsc\" data-start=\"2422\" data-end=\"2501\">How do coating and deposition processes alter material properties?<\/li>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"ht4s3\" data-start=\"2502\" data-end=\"2584\">What are the electrical conductivity and charge carrier mobility of the layer?<\/li>\n \t<li data-section-id=\"13wa7b7\" data-start=\"2585\" data-end=\"2661\">How do the properties of thin films change with temperature?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Relevant Material and Process Parameters<\/h3>\n<table class=\"linseis-table\">\n    <thead>\n        <tr>\n            <th>Parameter<\/th>\n            <th>Meaning<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n    <\/thead>\n    <tbody>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Thermal Conductivity<\/td>\n            <td>Evaluation of heat transfer within the thin film<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Thermal Conductivity<\/td>\n            <td>Characterization of Heat Propagation in a Layered System<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Thermal Anisotropy<\/td>\n            <td>Distinction Between In-Plane and Cross-Plane Heat Transport<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Thermal interfacial resistance<\/td>\n            <td>Evaluation of heat transfer between different material layers<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Coating Thickness<\/td>\n            <td>Effect on thermal and electrical transport properties<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Electrical Resistance<\/td>\n            <td>Evaluation of the Electrical Conductivity of Functional Layers<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Charge Carrier Concentration<\/td>\n            <td>Characterization of electronic and semiconducting thin films<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Charge Carrier Mobility<\/td>\n            <td>Evaluation of the layer\u2019s electrical transport behavior<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de95660 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"de95660\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"method\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6ed348 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c6ed348\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25eb92b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"25eb92b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1963217 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1963217\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb95720 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb95720\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Measurement Methods for Thin Films and Coatings<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f901a4e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f901a4e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-077562c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"077562c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b435fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5b435fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_TFA-1024x565.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140272\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_TFA-1024x565.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_TFA-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_TFA-768x424.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_TFA.png 1096w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c5cddb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5c5cddb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/linseis_corner-white-up-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1177\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3d2fae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e3d2fae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Thin Film Analysis (TFA)<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d60d6c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d60d6c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"4221\" data-end=\"4322\">Determination of the thermal properties of thin films using electrical heating and sensing structures.<\/p><h3 data-section-id=\"7w5esc\" data-start=\"4324\" data-end=\"4339\">Analysis of<\/h3><ul data-start=\"4341\" data-end=\"4481\"><li data-section-id=\"1iej18i\" data-start=\"4341\" data-end=\"4361\">Thermal conductivity<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1exv4ln\" data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4399\">Temperature-Dependent Heat Transfer<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1f9k1lq\" data-start=\"4400\" data-end=\"4426\">Thin-film properties<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1ici35j\" data-start=\"4427\" data-end=\"4463\">Thermal Transport Properties<\/li><li data-section-id=\"yrzep4\" data-start=\"4464\" data-end=\"4481\">Shift Systems<\/li><\/ul><h3 data-section-id=\"1o3ot0v\" data-start=\"4483\" data-end=\"4507\">Typical Applications<\/h3><ul data-start=\"4509\" data-end=\"4619\"><li data-section-id=\"29hv9l\" data-start=\"4509\" data-end=\"4530\">Semiconductor layers<\/li><li data-section-id=\"kd3rh1\" data-start=\"4531\" data-end=\"4556\">Dielectric Layers<\/li><li data-section-id=\"13xegc2\" data-start=\"4557\" data-end=\"4580\">Metallic Thin Films<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1cwkelw\" data-start=\"4581\" data-end=\"4601\">Functional Layers<\/li><li data-section-id=\"dms9k\" data-start=\"4602\" data-end=\"4619\">Microelectronics<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ce1265 btn-simple elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"1ce1265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/methods\/3-omega-method\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2757\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2757\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2756\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2756\"><path id=\"Pfad_2826\" data-name=\"Pfad 2826\" d=\"M4.051,1.129L.98,10.871h2.523L6.58,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><path id=\"Pfad_2827\" data-name=\"Pfad 2827\" d=\"M8.491,1.129l-3.071,9.742h2.523L11.02,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Learn More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2099ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2099ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55f0114 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55f0114\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a603ee6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a603ee6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_FDTR_Applikationsseiten-1024x565.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151736\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_FDTR_Applikationsseiten-1024x565.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_FDTR_Applikationsseiten-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_FDTR_Applikationsseiten-768x424.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_FDTR_Applikationsseiten.png 1096w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-122c227 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"122c227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/linseis_corner-white-up-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1177\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7467ab0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7467ab0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Frequency-Domain Thermoreflectance (FDTR)<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06280d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"06280d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"4695\" data-end=\"4801\">Optical characterization of heat transport in thin films, multilayers, and thermal interfaces.<\/p><h3 data-section-id=\"7w5esc\" data-start=\"4803\" data-end=\"4818\">Analysis of<\/h3><ul data-start=\"4820\" data-end=\"4948\"><li data-section-id=\"1iej18i\" data-start=\"4820\" data-end=\"4840\">Thermal conductivity<\/li><li data-section-id=\"198pv5u\" data-start=\"4841\" data-end=\"4866\">Thermal Conductivity<\/li><li data-section-id=\"14ih5kj\" data-start=\"4867\" data-end=\"4892\">In-plane heat transfer<\/li><li data-section-id=\"12649ii\" data-start=\"4893\" data-end=\"4921\">Cross-Plane Heat Transfer<\/li><li data-section-id=\"navpr2\" data-start=\"4922\" data-end=\"4948\">Thermal Interfaces<\/li><\/ul><h3 data-section-id=\"1o3ot0v\" data-start=\"4950\" data-end=\"4974\">Typical Applications<\/h3><ul data-start=\"4976\" data-end=\"5055\"><li data-section-id=\"wnfl70\" data-start=\"4976\" data-end=\"4988\">Semiconductors<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1es6i4b\" data-start=\"4989\" data-end=\"5000\">Thin films<\/li><li data-section-id=\"4as5r6\" data-start=\"5001\" data-end=\"5020\">Multilayer Systems<\/li><li data-section-id=\"dms9k\" data-start=\"5021\" data-end=\"5038\">Microelectronics<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1cca9me\" data-start=\"5039\" data-end=\"5055\">Coatings<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cab733f btn-simple elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"cab733f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/methods\/fdtr-frequency-domain-thermoreflectance\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2757\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2757\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2756\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2756\"><path id=\"Pfad_2826\" data-name=\"Pfad 2826\" d=\"M4.051,1.129L.98,10.871h2.523L6.58,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><path id=\"Pfad_2827\" data-name=\"Pfad 2827\" d=\"M8.491,1.129l-3.071,9.742h2.523L11.02,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Learn More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44a6a3f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"44a6a3f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bbffaa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7bbffaa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a76027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2a76027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_HCS_DEU-1024x565.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140271\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_HCS_DEU-1024x565.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_HCS_DEU-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_HCS_DEU-768x424.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_HCS_DEU.png 1096w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc06658 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dc06658\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/linseis_corner-white-up-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1177\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7f7786 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7f7786\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Hall Effect Analysis (HCS)<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b862921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b862921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qMYqUG_convSearchResultHighlightRoot\"><div class=\"\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-5\" data-is-intersecting=\"true\"><section class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-5\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-5\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-121\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\"><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal outline-none keyboard-focused:focus-ring [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"53dea00f-8e0c-429b-b224-7b40bb80087a\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-5\" data-turn-start-message=\"true\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden\"><div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert wrap-break-word w-full dark markdown-new-styling\"><div class=\"qMYqUG_convSearchResultHighlightRoot\"><div class=\"\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-6\" data-is-intersecting=\"true\"><section class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-6\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-6\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-123\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\"><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 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gap-1 empty:hidden\"><div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert wrap-break-word w-full dark markdown-new-styling\"><p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"5104\" data-end=\"5204\">Characterization of the electrical transport properties of conductive and semiconducting thin films.<\/p><h3 data-section-id=\"7w5esc\" data-start=\"5206\" data-end=\"5221\">Analysis of<\/h3><ul data-start=\"5223\" data-end=\"5371\"><li data-section-id=\"ozi5d4\" data-start=\"5223\" data-end=\"5241\">Hall coefficient<\/li><li data-section-id=\"2hk09o\" data-start=\"5242\" data-end=\"5270\">Charge carrier concentration<\/li><li data-section-id=\"pedjqs\" data-start=\"5271\" data-end=\"5295\">Charge carrier mobility<\/li><li data-section-id=\"ko83dd\" data-start=\"5296\" data-end=\"5321\">Electrical Resistance<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1ibm9ll\" data-start=\"5322\" data-end=\"5371\">Temperature-Dependent Electrical Properties<\/li><\/ul><h3 data-section-id=\"1o3ot0v\" data-start=\"5373\" data-end=\"5397\">Typical Applications<\/h3><ul data-start=\"5399\" data-end=\"5521\"><li data-section-id=\"29hv9l\" data-start=\"5399\" data-end=\"5420\">Semiconductor layers<\/li><li data-section-id=\"8xk7rv\" data-start=\"5421\" data-end=\"5456\">Transparent Conductive Layers<\/li><li data-section-id=\"7wwlbt\" data-start=\"5457\" data-end=\"5480\">Functional Thin Films<\/li><li data-section-id=\"196th0j\" data-start=\"5481\" data-end=\"5504\">Electronic Materials<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1cca9me\" data-start=\"5505\" data-end=\"5521\">Coatings<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb629ab btn-simple elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"eb629ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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class=\"elementor-button-text\">Learn More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de767f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"de767f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29039c3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29039c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b99ed44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b99ed44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_LSR-1024x565.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151737\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_LSR-1024x565.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_LSR-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_LSR-768x424.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Methoden-Icons-fuer-Website_LSR.png 1096w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df19704 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"df19704\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/linseis_corner-white-up-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1177\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5db278 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b5db278\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Seebeck &amp; Resistance Measurement (LSR)<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70f4e05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70f4e05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qMYqUG_convSearchResultHighlightRoot\"><div class=\"\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-8\" data-is-intersecting=\"true\"><section class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-8\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a02d3c7-f9d4-83eb-8acd-b98ac8132e0b-8\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-127\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\"><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal outline-none keyboard-focused:focus-ring [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"28463296-bc10-4aff-b327-912872a4f0ac\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-5\" data-turn-start-message=\"true\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden\"><div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert wrap-break-word w-full dark markdown-new-styling\"><p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"5602\" data-end=\"5714\">Determination of thermoelectric and electrical transport properties of functional layer and material systems.<\/p><h3 data-section-id=\"7w5esc\" data-start=\"5716\" data-end=\"5731\">Analysis of<\/h3><ul data-start=\"5733\" data-end=\"5870\"><li data-section-id=\"12o78f1\" data-start=\"5733\" data-end=\"5754\">Seebeck coefficient<\/li><li data-section-id=\"ko83dd\" data-start=\"5755\" data-end=\"5780\">Electrical Resistance<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1aubu6a\" data-start=\"5781\" data-end=\"5813\">Temperature-Dependent Transport<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1ylbvoa\" data-start=\"5814\" data-end=\"5848\">Thermoelectric Properties<\/li><li data-section-id=\"kah6q6\" data-start=\"5849\" data-end=\"5870\">Material Optimization<\/li><\/ul><h3 data-section-id=\"1o3ot0v\" data-start=\"5872\" data-end=\"5896\">Typical Applications<\/h3><ul data-start=\"5898\" data-end=\"6007\"><li data-section-id=\"1s132nx\" data-start=\"5898\" data-end=\"5929\">Thermoelectric Materials<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1cwkelw\" data-start=\"5930\" data-end=\"5950\">Functional Layers<\/li><li data-section-id=\"wnfl70\" data-start=\"5951\" data-end=\"5963\">Semiconductors<\/li><li data-section-id=\"toi8le\" data-start=\"5964\" data-end=\"5986\">Research Materials<\/li><li data-section-id=\"tcyljq\" data-start=\"5987\" data-end=\"6007\">Energy Materials<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43e1555 btn-simple elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"43e1555\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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Solutions<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-790102a elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"790102a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"devices\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2554dcd5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2554dcd5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b380929 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b380929\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recommended Measuring Instruments for Thin Films &amp; Coatings<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ca18b4 elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-carousel\" data-id=\"4ca18b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-26c3b66{--display:flex;--padding-top:15px;--padding-bottom:60px;--padding-left:60px;--padding-right:60px;}.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c7c0cf9{color:var( --e-global-color-text );}.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c7c0cf9 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 15px 0px;}.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e25ad5f{font-family:\"tt-commons-pro-thin\", Sans-serif;font-size:16px;line-height:22px;color:var( --e-global-color-text );}.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e25ad5f > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 30px 0px;}.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button-content-wrapper{flex-direction:row-reverse;}.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button .elementor-button-content-wrapper{gap:30px;}.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button{font-family:\"tt-commons-pro\", Sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:2px;fill:var( --e-global-color-secondary );color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );background-color:#FFFFFF00;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button:hover, .elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button:focus{color:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button:hover svg, .elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button:focus svg{fill:var( --e-global-color-accent );}@media(max-width:1330px){.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-157efd1 .elementor-button{font-size:12px;}}@media(min-width:768px){.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fe9af43{--content-width:100%;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fe9af43{--padding-top:30px;--padding-bottom:30px;--padding-left:30px;--padding-right:30px;}.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c049c96 img{max-width:90px;}.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c049c96 > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px -10px -60px 0px;}}\/* Start custom CSS for image, class: .elementor-element-c550419 *\/.elementor-38628 .elementor-element.elementor-element-c550419 img:hover {transform:scale(1.2) ;}\n\nimg {transition:0.5s;}\/* End custom CSS *\/\n\/* Start custom CSS for button, class: .elementor-element-157efd1 *\/:hover {transform: 100px}\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"38628\" class=\"elementor elementor-38628 elementor-374 elementor-374 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-27019 post-27019 messgeraete type-messgeraete status-publish hentry category-electrical-property category-hcs-hall-effect-analysis\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe9af43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fe9af43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c78ad0b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c78ad0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c049c96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c049c96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-1024x359.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-28659\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-1024x359.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-300x105.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-768x270.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-1536x539.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-2048x719.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c550419 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c550419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/hall-effect-analyzer\/hcs-l36\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/HCS-Overview-1200x1500-1-819x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-128673\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/HCS-Overview-1200x1500-1-819x1024.png 819w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/HCS-Overview-1200x1500-1-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/HCS-Overview-1200x1500-1-768x960.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/HCS-Overview-1200x1500-1.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4f48b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c4f48b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e7301b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e7301b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">HCS L36<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26c3b66 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26c3b66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7c0cf9 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7c0cf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPrecise Hall-effect measurements on semiconductors, thin films, and modern materials\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157efd1 btn-simple elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"157efd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:750}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/hall-effect-analyzer\/hcs-l36\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2757\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2757\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2756\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2756\"><path id=\"Pfad_2826\" data-name=\"Pfad 2826\" d=\"M4.051,1.129L.98,10.871h2.523L6.58,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><path id=\"Pfad_2827\" data-name=\"Pfad 2827\" d=\"M8.491,1.129l-3.071,9.742h2.523L11.02,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Learn more<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"38628\" class=\"elementor elementor-38628 elementor-374 elementor-374 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-27110 post-27110 messgeraete type-messgeraete status-publish hentry category-electrical-property category-tfa-thin-film-analyzer-en category-thermal-conductivity category-thermoelectrics\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe9af43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fe9af43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c78ad0b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c78ad0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c049c96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c049c96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Patentiert-Banner-ENG-3-1024x359.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-124293\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Patentiert-Banner-ENG-3-1024x359.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Patentiert-Banner-ENG-3-300x105.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Patentiert-Banner-ENG-3-768x270.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Patentiert-Banner-ENG-3-1536x539.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Patentiert-Banner-ENG-3-2048x719.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c550419 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c550419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/lsr-thermoelectrics\/lsr-l33\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/LSR_3_hochskaliert-1-819x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-111691\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/LSR_3_hochskaliert-1-819x1024.png 819w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/LSR_3_hochskaliert-1-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/LSR_3_hochskaliert-1-768x960.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/LSR_3_hochskaliert-1.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4f48b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c4f48b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e7301b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e7301b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LSR-3 (LSR L33)<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26c3b66 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26c3b66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7c0cf9 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7c0cf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSeebeck coefficient \/ Electrical conductivity \/ Harman method \/ ZT on modules\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157efd1 btn-simple elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"157efd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:750}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/lsr-thermoelectrics\/lsr-l33\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2757\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2757\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2756\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2756\"><path id=\"Pfad_2826\" data-name=\"Pfad 2826\" d=\"M4.051,1.129L.98,10.871h2.523L6.58,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><path id=\"Pfad_2827\" data-name=\"Pfad 2827\" d=\"M8.491,1.129l-3.071,9.742h2.523L11.02,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Learn more<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"38628\" class=\"elementor elementor-38628 elementor-374 elementor-374 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-27447 post-27447 messgeraete type-messgeraete status-publish hentry category-elektrische-eigenschaft category-tfa-thin-film-analyzer-elektrische-eigenschaft\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe9af43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fe9af43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c78ad0b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c78ad0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c550419 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c550419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/electrical-property\/thin-film-thin-film-analysis\/tfa-l59\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/TFA-L59-1200-x-1500-819x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-94993\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/TFA-L59-1200-x-1500-819x1024.png 819w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/TFA-L59-1200-x-1500-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/TFA-L59-1200-x-1500-768x960.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/TFA-L59-1200-x-1500.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4f48b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c4f48b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e7301b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e7301b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">TFA L59<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26c3b66 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26c3b66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7c0cf9 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7c0cf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDetermination of the physical properties of thin films\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157efd1 btn-simple elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"157efd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:750}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/electrical-property\/thin-film-thin-film-analysis\/tfa-l59\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2757\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2757\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2756\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2756\"><path id=\"Pfad_2826\" data-name=\"Pfad 2826\" d=\"M4.051,1.129L.98,10.871h2.523L6.58,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><path id=\"Pfad_2827\" data-name=\"Pfad 2827\" d=\"M8.491,1.129l-3.071,9.742h2.523L11.02,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Learn more<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"38628\" class=\"elementor elementor-38628 elementor-374 elementor-374 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-27439 post-27439 messgeraete type-messgeraete status-publish hentry category-tf-lfa-thin-film-laser-flash-analyzer category-waermeleitfaehigkeit\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe9af43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fe9af43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c78ad0b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c78ad0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c049c96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c049c96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-3-1024x359.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-26553\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-3-1024x359.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-3-300x105.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-3-768x270.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-3-1536x539.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Roter-Textblock-schraeg_NEW-3-2048x719.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c550419 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c550419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/thermal-conductivity\/tf-lfa-l54\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/TF-LFA-FDTR-819x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-49002\" alt=\"TF-LFA Analyse de couches minces\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/TF-LFA-FDTR-819x1024.png 819w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/TF-LFA-FDTR-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/TF-LFA-FDTR-768x960.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/TF-LFA-FDTR.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4f48b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c4f48b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e7301b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e7301b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">TF-LFA L54<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26c3b66 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26c3b66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7c0cf9 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7c0cf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThermal conductivity \/ thermal diffusivity measurements: 10 nm &#8211; 20 \u00b5m\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157efd1 btn-simple elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"157efd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:750}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/thermal-conductivity\/tf-lfa-l54\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2757\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2757\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2756\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2756\"><path id=\"Pfad_2826\" data-name=\"Pfad 2826\" d=\"M4.051,1.129L.98,10.871h2.523L6.58,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><path id=\"Pfad_2827\" data-name=\"Pfad 2827\" d=\"M8.491,1.129l-3.071,9.742h2.523L11.02,1.129h-2.529Z\" fill=\"#0870b8\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Learn more<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 84 52\"><defs><clipPath id=\"clippath\"><rect x=\"1.282\" y=\"1\" width=\"81.438\" height=\"50\" fill=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/rect><\/clipPath><\/defs><g id=\"Gruppe_2445\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2445\"><path id=\"Pfad_2793\" data-name=\"Pfad 2793\" d=\"M1.28,1l15.739,49.91v.09s65.7,0,65.7,0L67.02,1.207v-.207s-65.739,0-65.739,0Z\" fill=\"#005ca6\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><g id=\"Gruppe_2426\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2426\"><g clip-path=\"url(#clippath)\"><g id=\"Gruppe_2425\" data-name=\"Gruppe 2425\"><path id=\"Pfad_2794\" data-name=\"Pfad 2794\" d=\"M26.165,25.35c-.418.419-.418,1.098,0,1.517l8.734,8.733c.421.42,1.103.419,1.523-.002s.419-1.103-.002-1.523l-6.9-6.9h22.878c.593,0,1.073-.481,1.073-1.073,0-.593-.481-1.073-1.073-1.073h-22.878s6.9-6.9,6.9-6.9c.419-.42.418-1.1-.001-1.518-.42-.419-1.1-.418-1.519.002l-8.478,8.475-.257.257\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Next\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg 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stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47098d elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"d47098d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"application\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25525173 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"25525173\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59fabc3e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59fabc3e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69437f31 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"69437f31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Case Study: Thermal Characterization of Thin Films<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2031aaa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2031aaa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8985d47 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8985d47\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea6209e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea6209e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ultra-low thermal conductivity of organic thermoelectric materials<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3b5194 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c3b5194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"502\" src=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/TFA-L59_Ultralow-Thermal-Conductivity-of-N-Type-Organic-Thermoelectrics-1024x642.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151677\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/TFA-L59_Ultralow-Thermal-Conductivity-of-N-Type-Organic-Thermoelectrics-1024x642.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/TFA-L59_Ultralow-Thermal-Conductivity-of-N-Type-Organic-Thermoelectrics-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/TFA-L59_Ultralow-Thermal-Conductivity-of-N-Type-Organic-Thermoelectrics-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/TFA-L59_Ultralow-Thermal-Conductivity-of-N-Type-Organic-Thermoelectrics-1536x963.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/TFA-L59_Ultralow-Thermal-Conductivity-of-N-Type-Organic-Thermoelectrics-2048x1284.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a1dba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29a1dba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Measurements taken with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/instruments\/electrical-property\/thin-film-thin-film-analysis\/tfa-l59\/\"><strong data-start=\"1251\" data-end=\"1270\">LINSEIS TFA L59<\/strong><\/a> show the exceptionally low and nearly temperature-independent thermal conductivity of an n-doped PTEG-2 thin film. Over the temperature range studied, the thermal conductivity remains <strong data-start=\"1465\" data-end=\"1486\">below 0.1 W\/(m\u00b7K)<\/strong> and increases only slightly with rising temperature. This low thermal conductivity is a key factor in the material\u2019s high thermoelectric performance and makes PTEG-2 particularly interesting for <strong data-start=\"1712\" data-end=\"1799\">flexible electronics, energy harvesting, and the utilization of low-temperature waste heat<\/strong>. Download the white paper to learn more about thermal conductivity measurements and the thermal transport behavior of organic thin films.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e934261 elementor-button-align-stretch elementor-widget elementor-widget-form\" data-id=\"e934261\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;step_next_label&quot;:&quot;Next&quot;,&quot;step_previous_label&quot;:&quot;Previous&quot;,&quot;button_width&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;step_type&quot;:&quot;number_text&quot;,&quot;step_icon_shape&quot;:&quot;circle&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"form.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <input type=\"hidden\" class=\"conditional_logic_data_js hidden\" data-form-id=\"Thin Films_White Paper\" value=\"[]\" \/>\r\n\t\t<form class=\"elementor-form\" method=\"post\" name=\"Thin Films_White Paper\" aria-label=\"Thin Films_White Paper\">\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"post_id\" value=\"151742\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"form_id\" value=\"e934261\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"referer_title\" value=\"Thin-Film Analysis &amp; Coatings | Material Characterization\" \/>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"queried_id\" value=\"151742\"\/>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-form-fields-wrapper elementor-labels-above\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-text elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-name elementor-col-100 elementor-field-required elementor-mark-required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-name\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tName\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"text\" name=\"form_fields[name]\" id=\"form-field-name\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Name\" required=\"required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-text elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_f8bf5d1 elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_f8bf5d1\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCompany\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"text\" name=\"form_fields[field_f8bf5d1]\" id=\"form-field-field_f8bf5d1\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Company\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-email elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-email elementor-col-100 elementor-field-required elementor-mark-required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-email\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE-Mail\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"email\" name=\"form_fields[email]\" id=\"form-field-email\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"E-Mail\" required=\"required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-acceptance elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_8bca608 elementor-col-100 elementor-field-required elementor-mark-required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_8bca608\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPrivacy policy\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-subgroup\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-field-option\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"form_fields[field_8bca608]\" id=\"form-field-field_8bca608\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-acceptance-field\" required=\"required\">\n\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_8bca608\">I have read the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/privacy-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"text-decoration: underline\">privacy policy<\/a> and consent to the processing of my data for the purpose of providing the white paper and allowing Linseis Messger\u00e4te GmbH to contact me by email. I may withdraw my consent at any time. \n<\/label><\/label>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-type-submit elementor-col-100 e-form__buttons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-sm\" type=\"submit\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download the white paper<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54c0b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a54c0b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5de577e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5de577e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-section-id=\"jup1qf\" data-start=\"8450\" data-end=\"8531\">Why the Characterization of Thin Films and Coatings Is Crucial<\/h3><p data-start=\"8533\" data-end=\"8796\">The properties of a thin film cannot be reliably derived from the characteristics of the corresponding bulk material. Film thickness, microstructure, interfaces, and fabrication processes can significantly alter its thermal and electrical behavior. <\/p><p data-start=\"8798\" data-end=\"8974\">Direct characterization of the actual layer structure therefore provides crucial information for material development, process optimization, and quality assurance.<\/p><p data-start=\"8976\" data-end=\"9029\">The combination of modern analytical methods makes it possible to:<\/p><ul data-start=\"9031\" data-end=\"9562\"><li data-section-id=\"1oki3m6\" data-start=\"9031\" data-end=\"9083\">Determination of the Thermal Conductivity of Thin Layers<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1vbvmd6\" data-start=\"9084\" data-end=\"9148\">Characterization of In-Plane and Cross-Plane Heat Transport<\/li><li data-section-id=\"187zg23\" data-start=\"9149\" data-end=\"9188\">Investigation of Thermal Interfaces<\/li><li data-section-id=\"jqm4ls\" data-start=\"9189\" data-end=\"9226\">Analysis of Complex Multilayer Systems<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1sfcpdl\" data-start=\"9227\" data-end=\"9275\">Determination of Electrical Transport Properties<\/li><li data-section-id=\"143tvth\" data-start=\"9276\" data-end=\"9340\">Characterization of Charge Carrier Concentration and Mobility<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1ds2d30\" data-start=\"9341\" data-end=\"9398\">Investigation of Temperature-Dependent Material Properties<\/li><li data-section-id=\"czjxf6\" data-start=\"9399\" data-end=\"9464\">Comparison of Different Layer Thicknesses and Compositions<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1p4up2e\" data-start=\"9465\" data-end=\"9506\">Assessment of the Influence of Substrates<\/li><li data-section-id=\"1qw1vah\" data-start=\"9507\" data-end=\"9562\">Optimization of Coating and Deposition Processes<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b842f32 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b842f32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-324c8de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"324c8de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd2b4be elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd2b4be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Applications \u2013 New Technologies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-665adb1 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"665adb1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2438832f elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-carousel\" data-id=\"2438832f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-a844904{--padding-top:30px;--padding-bottom:15px;--padding-left:30px;--padding-right:30px;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-40372 .elementor-element.elementor-element-dd67c0c{--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}}\/* Start custom CSS for heading, class: .elementor-element-8ff7418 *\/.elementor-40372 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8ff7418 h3 {font-weight: 700;}\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"40372\" class=\"elementor elementor-40372 elementor-4116 elementor-4116 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-27981 post-27981 applikationen type-applikationen status-publish hentry category-applications category-thin-films\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85067d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"85067d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e42f654 e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e42f654\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;background_motion_fx_motion_fx_scrolling&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;background_motion_fx_translateY_effect&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;background_motion_fx_translateY_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:4,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;background_motion_fx_translateY_affectedRange&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:{&quot;start&quot;:0,&quot;end&quot;:100}},&quot;background_motion_fx_devices&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a844904 e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a844904\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:150}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ff7418 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ff7418\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">TFA L59 - thermoelectric thin film - thermoelectric properties - metals and alloys<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd67c0c e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dd67c0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:600}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f958140 btn-fancy elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f958140\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/applications\/thin-film-technology__trashed\/tfa-thermoelectric-thin-film-thermoelectric-properties-semiconductor-pedotpss\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Application<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"Ebene_1\" data-name=\"Ebene 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 84 52\"><defs><clipPath 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fill=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"0\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c7478 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"46c7478\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d1999 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"91d1999\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"FAQ\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd91a22 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dd91a22\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47736ed elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"47736ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">FAQ \u2013 Thin Films &amp; Coatings<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bcf90b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0bcf90b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-535ac69 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"535ac69\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e716a elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"b7e716a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1920\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1920\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Why are thin films different from bulk materials? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1920\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4df7610 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4df7610\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1920\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5afe950 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5afe950\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4b48a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4b48a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"7703\" data-end=\"7820\">As the layer thickness decreases, microstructure, interfaces, and surface effects become increasingly important. As a result, the thermal conductivity and electrical transport properties of a thin film can differ significantly from the known bulk values of the same material. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1921\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1921\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What is the difference between in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivity? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1921\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b0dfe6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b0dfe6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1921\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5366d3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f5366d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae41e03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae41e03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"7703\" data-end=\"7820\">&#8220;In-plane&#8221; refers to heat transfer parallel to the plane of the layer, while &#8220;cross-plane&#8221; refers to heat transfer perpendicular to the plane of the layer. These two values can differ significantly, particularly in the case of anisotropic materials and multilayers. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1922\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1922\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Why are thermal interfaces important in thin films? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1922\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b60d937 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b60d937\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1922\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fa385b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0fa385b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-170e736 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"170e736\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"10665\" data-end=\"10969\">An additional thermal resistance can arise at the interface between two different materials. In the case of very thin layers, this interfacial effect can account for a significant portion of the system\u2019s total thermal resistance and have a major impact on heat dissipation. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1923\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1923\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What types of thin films and coatings can be analyzed? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1923\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb1dc9e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fb1dc9e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf3966 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7cf3966\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"1184\" data-end=\"1386\">Depending on the measurement method, metallic, dielectric, semiconducting, and other functional thin films, as well as multilayers, can be analyzed. Typical applications include semiconductor technology, microelectronics, sensor technology, photonics, photovoltaics, and functional coatings. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1924\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1924\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What is the difference between Thin Film \/ 3-Omega and FDTR? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1924\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-885fa76 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"885fa76\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e80fc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e80fc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"11392\" data-end=\"11763\">The 3-Omega method uses an electrical heating and measurement structure to determine the thermal behavior of the sample. FDTR, on the other hand, is based on an optical pump-probe approach and analyzes the temperature-dependent change in reflectivity. The methods thus employ different measurement principles and complement each other in thin-film characterization.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1925\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1925\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What electrical properties can be studied in thin films? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1925\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af4b751 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"af4b751\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c081199 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c081199\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hall effect analysis can be used to determine, among other things, the Hall coefficient, carrier concentration, carrier mobility, and electrical resistance. These parameters are particularly relevant for semiconductors and functional electronic layers. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1926\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1926\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Why is it necessary to take the substrate into account when measuring thin films? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1926\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98da85 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d98da85\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97ac772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97ac772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qMYqUG_convSearchResultHighlightRoot\"><div class=\"\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a3bbb1b-c78c-83eb-84b6-c49a16e3921c-3\" data-is-intersecting=\"true\"><section class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-6a3bbb1b-c78c-83eb-84b6-c49a16e3921c-3\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-6a3bbb1b-c78c-83eb-84b6-c49a16e3921c-3\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-72\" data-turn=\"assistant\"><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-8 [--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" data-conversation-screenshot-content=\"\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal outline-none keyboard-focused:focus-ring [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"d7f42399-07ac-4b66-9415-84eaf64b43b1\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-6\" data-turn-start-message=\"true\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden\"><div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert wrap-break-word w-full dark markdown-new-styling\"><p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"12651\" data-end=\"12985\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">For very thin layers, the thermal behavior of the substrate can have a significant influence on the measured total signal. A suitable measurement and analysis strategy is therefore crucial for reliably distinguishing the properties of the actual layer from the influence of the substrate. <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why are thin films different from bulk materials?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"As the layer thickness decreases, microstructure, interfaces, and surface effects become increasingly important. 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In the case of very thin layers, this interfacial effect can account for a significant portion of the system\\u2019s total thermal resistance and have a major impact on heat dissipation.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What types of thin films and coatings can be analyzed?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Depending on the measurement method, metallic, dielectric, semiconducting, and other functional thin films, as well as multilayers, can be analyzed. Typical applications include semiconductor technology, microelectronics, sensor technology, photonics, photovoltaics, and functional coatings.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the difference between Thin Film \\\/ 3-Omega and FDTR?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The 3-Omega method uses an electrical heating and measurement structure to determine the thermal behavior of the sample. FDTR, on the other hand, is based on an optical pump-probe approach and analyzes the temperature-dependent change in reflectivity. The methods thus employ different measurement principles and complement each other in thin-film characterization.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What electrical properties can be studied in thin films?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Hall effect analysis can be used to determine, among other things, the Hall coefficient, carrier concentration, carrier mobility, and electrical resistance. These parameters are particularly relevant for semiconductors and functional electronic layers.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why is it necessary to take the substrate into account when measuring thin films?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"For very thin layers, the thermal behavior of the substrate can have a significant influence on the measured total signal. A suitable measurement and analysis strategy is therefore crucial for reliably distinguishing the properties of the actual layer from the influence of the substrate.\"}}]}<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":151676,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[146,942],"class_list":["post-151742","applikationen","type-applikationen","status-publish","hentry","category-applications","category-new-technologies"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/applikationen\/151742","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/applikationen"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/applikationen"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/applikationen\/151742\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/applikationen\/151676"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=151742"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.linseis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=151742"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}